了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S09E03

Part 6 March 16, 2022, 8:54 a.m.

一股被称为质子的亚原子粒子流
A stream of
subatomic particles
不断地从太阳的各个方向流出
called protons
constantly flow out
并轰击我们太阳系的
from the Sun in all directions,
bombarding the planets
各个行星
of our solar system.
卡莉·豪厄特:太阳风击中水星时非常强烈
CARLY HOWETT: The solar wind is
so strong when it hits Mercury
它可以将水星表面的
that it can break down
some of the minerals
一些矿物质和岩石分解成它们的组成部分
and rocks on its surface
into their constituent parts.
这些部分，尤其是含氧的部分
And those parts, especially
if they have oxygen in them,
可以重新形成水
can go to reform and
form water, which
如果在正确的位置形成水，就可以留在周围
if it forms in the right
place, can then stick around.
太阳风中的质子与氧结合
Protons in the solar
wind combined with oxygen
形成水分子
to form water molecules.
它们在火山口中凝结和冻结
They condense and
freeze in craters
而那里从来没有阳光
which never see sunlight.
所以即使在离太阳最近的邻居，冰也会堆积起来
So even on the Sun's closest
neighbor, ice builds up.
但太阳风不会停在水星上
But the solar wind
doesn't stop at Mercury.
太阳风对我们太阳系的世界
The solar wind has
a tremendous impact
产生了巨大的影响
on the world's of
our solar system.
我们认为这是金星
We think it's responsible
for the planet Venus
变成这个热的地狱的原因
becoming this hell hole of heat.
直到最近的7亿年前
Up until as recently
as 700 million years ago,
金星还是一个郁郁葱葱的水世界
Venus was a lush water
world with conditions
适合生命生存
suitable for life.
但是太阳风吹走了金星大气中的
But the solar wind blasted
away the water vapor and oxygen
水蒸气和氧气，留下二氧化碳
from Venus's atmosphere, leaving
carbon dioxide to dominate,
困住了太阳的热量，并导致金星表面
trapping the Sun's heat,
and causing surface
温度飙升
temperatures to skyrocket.
火星也曾适于居住
Mars was once habitable too.
但太阳风很快也“解决”了这个问题
But the solar wind quickly
took care of that as well.
保罗·M·萨特:我们认为，数十亿年前
PAUL M. SUTTER: We believe
that billions of years
火星有大气层，有海洋和河流
ago, Mars had an atmosphere,
and it had oceans, and rivers.
它看起来很像地球
It looked a lot like Earth.
是美丽的星球
It was gorgeous.
但太阳风剥离了火星的大气层
But that solar wind stripped
away the Martian atmosphere
把它变成了今天的贫瘠荒地
and turned it into the barren
wasteland that it is today.
地球也在火线上
And Earth is
in the line of fire too.
它每天都受到太阳风粒子的撞击
It's bombarded every day
with solar wind particles.
那么生命是如何存活下来的呢？
So how has life survived?
米歇尔·泰勒:有一件事我们认为
MICHELLE THALLER: One
of the things we really
是理所当然的，那就是我们在地球上
take for granted is
how well protected
受到了很好的保护
we are here on the Earth.
大气层从太空和太阳
The atmosphere absorbs a lot
of harmful things from space
吸收了很多有害物质
and from the Sun as well.
而且我们的磁场也会使
But also our magnetic
field deflects
我们周围的太阳风偏转
the solar wind around us.
我们仍然拥有大气层
And we still have an atmosphere.
当带电粒子来自太阳时
And when the charged
particles come from the Sun,
磁力线将这些带电粒子捕获
the magnetic field
lines trap those
并将它们引导到
charged particles
and redirect them
地球的两极
to the poles of the planet.
菲尔·普莱特:物理效应，直接的物理效应
PHIL PLAIT: The physical effect,
the direct physical effect,
被这些粒子轰击后
of getting bombarded
by these particles,
就会产生北极光
they can generate the Aurora
borealis, the Northern Lights.
这些都是壮观而美丽的
And these are spectacular
and beautiful.
极光是美丽的
Auroras are beautiful.
但它们也是地球和太阳风之间
But they're also the front line
in the battle between Earth
战斗的前线
and the solar wind.
没有我们的保护盾，我们将遭受
Without our protective
shield, we'd suffer
金星或火星一样的命运
the same fate as Venus or Mars.
但是太阳风还有一个谜
But there is a mystery
surrounding the solar wind.
关于太阳风，我们所知道的一件事
One of the things we
know about the solar wind
就是它的能量巨大
is that it is hugely energetic.
一百万英里（约161万公里）每小时
A million miles-an-hour.
是什么给了它能量？
What gives it that energy?
天文学家认为太阳风的来源在日冕内部
Astronomers think
the source of the solar wind
也就是我们的太阳哨兵SOHO
lies in the inner corona, the
atmosphere of the Sun revealed
所揭示的太阳大气层
by our solar sentinel, SOHO.
SOHO的数据显示，在太阳表面附近
SOHO's data shows that
near the Sun's surface,
风速接近于零
the wind speed is close to zero.
但当胜利到达外日冕时
But by the time the win
gets to the outer corona,
它加速到每小时72万英里（约116万公里）
it accelerates to
720,000 miles-an-hour.
太阳表面和日冕之间
Something happens mysterious
between the surface of the Sun
发生了一些神秘的事情，给了太阳风一个重击
and the corona that gives
a punch to the solar wind.
为了调查，我们需要访问日冕
To investigate,
we need to visit the corona.
因此，NASA派出了一名“侦察员”，在敌后执行一项大胆的任务
So NASA sent a scout on a daring
mission behind enemy lines.
帕克太阳探测器，真是个胆大妄为的“侦察员”
The Parker Solar Probe,
that's a daredevil.
它被设计用来向太阳俯冲
This is designed to
dive bomb the Sun.
[爆♥炸♥]
[explosion]
太阳对我们太阳系的行星
The Sun exerts
a hostile influence
施加了不利的影响
on the planets of
our solar system.
太阳风
The solar wind.
非常快
It's fast.
是致命的
It's lethal.
但我们不知道它是如何工作的
But we don't know how it works.
米歇尔·泰勒:在我们和太阳之间有一艘航♥天♥器
MICHELLE THALLER: We have
spacecraft between us
可以看到有什么东西正朝我们飞来
and the Sun that can actually
see what's coming towards us
以及它将如何影响我们
and how it will impact us.
但科学家们一直无法解释的是
But what scientists have
never been able to explain
究竟是什么加速了远离太阳的风
is what actually accelerates
the wind away from the Sun.
这是迄今为止太阳最大的谜团之一
This has been one of the biggest
mysteries of the Sun so far.
几十年来，我们没有办法解决这个问题
For decades, we
had no way of solving it.
直到现在
Until now.
当你是一个科学家的时候
There really are some
of these wonderful moments
确实会有一些美妙的时刻
when you're a scientist.
我当时就在帕克太阳探测器的发射现场
And I was actually at the launch
of the Parker Solar Probe,
就站在尤金·帕克博士旁边
standing right next
to Dr. Eugene Parker,
这个探测器就是以他的名字命名的
who the probe is named after.
新闻播音员之声:帕克太阳探测器升空