了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S09E03

Part 2 March 16, 2022, 8:54 a.m.

probe, the Solar
太阳动力学观测台(SDO)，发现了一些可怕的东西
Dynamics Observatory, or
SDO, spots something hellish.
菲尔·普莱特:今天的天气预报预测
PHIL PLAIT: Today's
forecast for the Sun
太阳温度将达到华氏10,000度，风速
is predicted to be 10,000
degrees Fahrenheit with winds
将达到每秒600英里（约1450公里）
of up to 600 miles per second.
而且很有可能会下雨
And a pretty decent
chance of rain.
你不会想呆在这样的暴风雨中的
You don't want to
be in this rainstorm
因为你的雨伞帮不了你
because your umbrella
isn't going to help you.
太阳的雨不是水
Solar rain isn't water.
是等离子体
It's plasma.
热的等离子体
Hot plasma.
整个太阳不是由固体、液体或气体组成
Rather than a
solid, liquid, or gas,
而是由一种奇怪的第四态物质组成
the entire Sun is made up of a
strange fourth state of matter.
等离子体
Plasma.
米歇尔·泰勒:等离子体是非常热的气体
MICHELLE THALLER: Plasma is
just simply gas that's very hot.
由于温度太高了，所以它失去了一些电子
So hot it's lost
some of its electrons
变得带电
and become electrically charged.
等离子体的奇妙之处在于
And the wonderful
thing about plasma
一旦它带了电荷
is that once it has
that electric charge,
你就可以用磁场来引导它
you can direct it
with a magnetic field.
太阳拥有太阳系中
And the Sun has the
most powerful magnetic field
最强大的磁场
in the solar system.
在整个恒星中盘旋流动
It twists and flows
through the entire star.
菲尔·普莱特:太阳的磁场
PHIL PLAIT: The
Sun's magnetic field
非常复杂
is incredibly complicated.
太阳表面有很多
There are lots of loops
of magnetic lines coming
磁力线环
out of the Sun's surface.
吉博尔·巴斯里:当你在太阳表面上方时
GIBOR BASRI: As you
go above the surface,
磁场开始控制气体的去向
the magnetic field begins to
control where the gas can go,
你会看到这些美丽的圆环
and you get these beautiful
loops and other structures
和太阳上方的其他结构
above the Sun that
are just showing you
并告诉你磁场的位置
where the magnetic field is.
SDO航♥天♥器拍摄的太阳降雨视频
The SDO spacecraft's
jaw-dropping videos
令人瞠目结舌，它显示等离子体
of rain on the Sun show
plasma flowing along
沿着巨大的环状磁场线流动,这些磁场线
huge looping magnetic field
lines that have punched
穿透了太阳表面
through the Sun's surface.
菲尔·普莱特:因为太阳表面是等离子体
PHIL PLAIT: Because the
surface of the Sun is a plasma,
这些磁场环从太阳表面出来
and these loops of magnetic
fields are coming out of it,
它把等离子体吸上来，然后冷却并落下来
it draws that plasma up
which then cools and rains
就形成等离子体雨
down as a plasma rain.
追踪这些磁场和等离子体的循环
Tracking these
loops of magnetic field
可以帮助解释太阳耀斑
and plasma could help
explain solar flares.
它可以给我们一些警告
And it could give
us some warning.
2017年9月
September 2017.
在破坏性的飓风中期，无线电♥信♥♥号♥♥中断前几分钟
Minutes before the devastating
mid-hurricane radio blackout,
我们的太阳观测员发现
our solar lookouts
spotted an explosion
太阳表面发生了一次爆♥炸♥
on the surface of the Sun.
菲尔·普莱特:突然间，你有了巨大的能量流
PHIL PLAIT: Suddenly you have
this tremendous flow of energy
并爆发式地释放出来
and an explosive release of it.
我们称之为太阳耀斑
And we call this a solar flare.
这是SDO的观察专长
This is SDO's specialty
of observation.
探测器跟踪
The craft
tracked the magnetic loops
太阳表面的磁环
above the Sun's surface.
它们非常不稳定
They were highly unstable.
SDO对等离子流的位置
SDO takes very detailed pictures
拍摄了非常详细的照片
of where the flows are.
你可以看到气体从一个地方流出
You can actually see gas
flowing from one place.
你可以看到磁环
You can see the magnetic loops.
这种磁通量回路有点像
This magnetic flux loops
are kind of like wires
输电的电线
carrying electricity.
当他们独自运行的时候，他们很好
When they're on their
own they're fine.
但如果它们靠得太近，就会发生连接和短路
But if they get too close, they
can connect and short circuit.
然后你会得到巨大的能量释放
And then you get a
tremendous release of energy.
“捉鬼敢死队”真的有发现
<有部电影的名字叫《捉鬼敢死队》>
The Ghostbusters were
really on to something.
别想穿过这些流
Don't cross the streams.
磁环之间的接触会释放出
The contact between
magnetic loops released an epic
巨大的高能光爆♥炸♥
explosion of high-energy light.
这种辐射改变了我们星球的大气层
This radiation altered
our planet's atmosphere.
无线电波受到干扰，造成了停电
Radio waves jammed,
causing blackouts
就在最糟糕的时刻
at the worst possible moment.
菲尔·普莱特:太阳耀斑正在9000万英里（约1.45亿公里）外的
PHIL PLAIT: Solar flares
are happening on the Sun
太阳上发生
90 million miles away.
谁会在乎呢,对吗？
Who cares, right?
好吧，就这样想吧
Well, think of it this way.
一次真正的太阳耀斑可能
A really good solar
flare could be
相当于，哦，比方说
the equivalent of,
oh, say 10 million
1000万个氢键消失
hydrogen bonds going off.
听起来怎么样？
How's that sound?
太阳耀斑经常发生
Solar flares happen a lot.
它们确实影响着我们
And they do affect us.
它们曾经影响过我们
They have affected
us in the past.
将来也会如此
And they will again
in the future.
但是太阳扭曲的磁场
But the Sun's
twisting magnetic fields
不仅仅破坏了我们的通讯
do more than just disrupt
our communications.
我们看到耀斑时
And when we see
flares, we've got
我们必须密切注意
to keep an eye out on those.
但有时候，还有更重大的事情
But sometimes, there's
something even bigger.
太阳向整个太阳系发射了巨大的
The Sun launches
huge clouds of plasma
等离子体云
across the solar system.
菲尔·普莱特:所有这些物质都可能会
PHIL PLAIT: All of
that material can
来到地球，把这里弄得一团糟……
come to the Earth and
really mess things up here...
摧毁我们的电网，摧毁我们的卫星，甚至伤害
Blow out our power grid, destroy
our satellites, even physically
在轨道上我们的宇航员
harm our astronauts in orbit.
太阳能舰队能保护地球吗？
Can the solar
fleet safeguard Earth?
2018年的11月5日
November 5, 2018.
帕克太阳探测器在距离太阳
An explosive cloud
of plasma hits
仅1500万英里（约2400万公里）的轨道上运行时，一团等离子体
the Parker Solar Probe
as it orbits just
爆♥炸♥云团击中了它
15 million miles from the Sun.
我们有一支宇宙飞船舰队
We have this fleet of spacecraft
在那里观测太阳
out there viewing the Sun.