自然世界：喜马拉雅山（2010）

and brightest specimens,
喜马拉雅品种带进每个人的花♥园♥中
bringing a little bit of the
Himalayas into everyone's garden.
事实上 我们花♥园♥里四分之一的花朵
都来自于喜马拉雅
In fact, a quarter of the plants
in our gardens today came
originally from the Himalayas...
从杜♥鹃♥花到一品红
from azaleas to euphorbias,
龙胆根到鸢尾花
gentians to irises...
牡丹花到报春花
and peonies to primulas.
但约瑟夫·胡克还发现了
植物的科学和医学价值
But Joseph Hooker
also recognised the value of plants
to science and medicine.
今天 基尤的标本室使得它成为
这个世界上最重要的植物园机构
Today, the Herbarium
makes Kew one of the most important
botanical institutions in the world.
它是一个巨大的数据库
存储了超过700万植物标本
It's a vast database
housing over seven million specimens
囊括世界上98%的植物样本
and representing 98%
of the world's plant species.
追寻他父亲的脚步
约瑟夫创办了乔德雷尔实验室
Succeeding his father as Director,
Joseph also opened
the Jodrell Laboratory
进一步确立了基尤的科研地位
and firmly established Kew
as a scientific institution.
这个实验室做了很多
This laboratory does a lot of work
关于植物的生物学活性的工作
on the biological activity
of plants.
我们有一个重点
就是寻找植物的医药用途
We have an emphasis on looking for
medicinal uses of plants,
这样我们就可以不通过药品
and that could be what we term
治疗类似咳嗽 感冒
这样的病但我们也寻找
over-the-counter medicines -
things like coughs and colds -
but also looking for drugs
可以用来治疗阿尔茨海默氏症
结核病和癌症的毒品
that could be used to treat things
like Alzheimer's, TB and cancer.
喜马拉雅地区估计有大约有
The Himalayan region
is estimated to have about
18000到21000种不同品种的植物
between 18,000 and maybe 20,000,
21,000 different species of plants,
这些都是有记录档案的
and of those,
there's documentary evidence
有医学药用的就有大约2000种
on uses of about 2,000 of those
for medicinal uses.
所以我们在基尤做的事情
有一部分就是寻找它们的传统用途
So one of the things that we are
doing at Kew is partly capturing
the traditional uses,
但也寻找不同地区植物的演化特征
but also looking at the traits
that plants have in different areas
that they have evolved
保护它们是为了帮助
我们在未来研究它们的药用价值
to protect themselves, that can help
us design drugs for the future.
居住在喜马拉雅远方山谷的人们
People living in the remote valleys
of the Himalayas
一直信赖植物的医学用途
现在我们也是这样了
have always relied on plants
for their medical remedies,
but so do we.
我们四分之一的药品都包含植物成分
Around a quarter
of all our pharmaceuticals contain
substances derived from plants.
种植在我们花♥园♥里的植物
可能就是一剂内服药
Plants that we may take
for granted in our gardens
could be miniature medicine chests.
有些植物我们已经在使用了
而有些植物在某些地区很出名
Some of the plants that we've been
working on, some of them are
quite famous to the areas,
因为它们不但是药用植物
它们还融入了人们的文化
because they're not only
medicinal plants, but they're in
the culture of the people,
就像杜♥鹃♥花
and that would be rhododendrons.
每种杜♥鹃♥花都有传统的用法
Every bit of the rhododendron plant
has a traditional use,
从花朵到花瓣再到茎 根都能使用
from the flowers to the leaves,
to the bark, to the roots is used.
另外一种是牡丹
Now, the other plant is peony.
我们都知道它很漂亮
但在喜马拉雅
Now, we know it for its beautiful
flowers, but within the Himalayas
它的根茎被当成一种药
it's often the root bark that is
used as a medicine, and I've had
在我的旅途中确实看过这样的例子
它是一种被过度采摘的植物
quite a few trips actually looking
for samples of this because it is a
plant that has been over-exploited.
但在喜马拉雅有一个真正
被人类过度采摘的问题
But in the Himalayas there is a real
issue with the continuing growth
and over-exploitation by man.
因此 我们可能会失去
我们还没来得及研究的东西
And therefore we could be losing
things that we haven't yet studied.
19世纪初 喜马拉雅的植物
几乎没人知道
At the start of the 19th century,
almost nothing was known
about Himalayan plants.
但现在我们正有条不紊的研究
它们对于人类的价值
Now, we are methodically
examining them all to see
how they might be of use to us.
也许高海拔 居住的人少
As so few people live up here,
it was once thought
也保护了它们
that the high altitude plants
were safe from exploitation.
但现在有一个巨大威胁
But today,
there is a much greater threat.
气候变暖 冰川融化
导致土地不再适合它们生存演化
As the climate warms, glaciers
are receding and the land no longer
suits the plants that evolved here.
但总要有个地方给它们生长
But there is nowhere else
for them to grow.
气候的变化威胁到全球数千种植物
With climatic changes threatening
thousands of plant species worldwide,
基尤已经开始了最大的植物保护工程
Kew has embarked on
the most ambitious of
all plant conservation projects.
基尤设立在西苏塞克斯郡
韦克赫斯特广场的千年种子银行
The Millennium Seed Bank
at Wakehurst Place,
拥有超过一百万的植物种子
Kew's base in West Sussex,
holds more than a million seeds.
我们知道随着种子银行的设立
We know, as seed bank people,
人们不会失去植物 不会失去它们
that you don't have to lose plants,
you don't have to lose them.
我们可以使用种子银行
We can use seed banks
确保植物不会灭绝
to make sure that these plants
don't go extinct.
在这里植物猎人送来种子
来自世界各地的人对它们分类编码
Here, seeds arrive from plant-hunters
working all around the world,
to be catalogued and bar-coded.
每个批次都会仔细筛选清理干净
Each batch is carefully sifted
and cleaned.
然后用X光检查
确保没有虫子伤害它们
Then they are X-rayed to ensure that
there's no contamination by insects
that might harm them.
所有工作完成后就会把它们存起来
Only after everything
has been checked
are they banked for the future.
在一个零下20度的地下室里
它们休眠的很好
In an underground vault, they are
kept dormant at minus 20 degrees.
本质上讲它们是种子
同时也是时空胶囊
Essentially what seeds are,
are they're little time capsules.
植物的种子可以保存数个世纪
Plants can survive for centuries
using their seed
我们很确信
and we accentuate that ability
我们已经学到很多关于种子的知识
以至于我们可以想象出这天的到来
and we've learnt a lot
about seeds such that we can
actually spin that process out.
我们知道可以让这些种子存活1千年
We know that we can keep seeds
alive for 1,000 years.
千年种子银行已经确保
54000种植物
The Millennium Seed Bank has already
ensured that 54,000 species of plants
不会遭到灭绝
are safe from extinction.
种子银行是第一步 我们必须保证
'The seed bank is just the first
step, because we have to make sure
可以把它们再次变成植物
'that we can turn them
back into plants.
楼下的冰箱可以
确保16亿颗种子完好无损
'There's no good having
1.6 billion seeds
sitting in a fridge downstairs,'
但这仅仅是把它们
变成真正的植物的第一步
but it's our first stepping stone
to them turning those species
back into real plants.
每颗种子都是珍贵的
Each seed is valuable.
因为植物会提供我们食物
新鲜的空气 居住地
As plants continue to provide food,
fresh air, habitat stability,