探寻完美的人类饮食（2012）

他们又向东行进
and they headed east again.
他们一直到了澳大利亚
They went towards Australia.
所以我们认为大概四万五千年前
So about 45,000 years ago,
解剖学上的现代人进入了欧洲
we think anatomically modern humans entered Europe.
我们同样认为
And we also believe that
那时他们已经有了现代的行为
they were behaviorally modern by that time.
我们相信他们有了说话的能力
We believe that they had full capacity for speech.
我们看到了工具制♥造♥的复杂度
We see sophistication in the toolmaking.
我们看到了艺术
We see art,
对死者的掩埋
we see burying of the dead,
我们看到了乐器
we see musical instruments,
和洞窟里的壁画
we see cave paintings.
对
Yes.
所以我们实际上 在欧洲著名的
And so we actually -- there's famous cave paintings in Europe
洞窟壁画中我们看到人们追捕野生动物
where we actually see these humans hunting wild animals.
-那是在法国 -在法国
- That's in France. - In France.
说得对 是的
That's right. Yeah.
让我们移步到大约一万年前
Let's shuffle forward to about 10,000 years ago,
也就是半码线
which is the half-yard line.
-半码线吗 -是半码线 当然
- The half-yard line? - The half-yard line, indeed.
那是一万年前
That was 10,000 years ago.
现在那看起来历史久远
Now, that seems to be historically remote,
但从进化的角度来说
but on an evolutionary basis,
那不过是沧海一粟 不是吗
it's a drop in the bucket, isn't it?
让我们移步到那里
Let's shuffle on up there.
回头看看
And we look back,
那是很长的一段路
and that's a long way.
从那个点直到这里
From that point until here,
地球上的人类吃过他们捕到或收集到的
every human being on the planet ate wild, plant,
野生的 植物性的和动物性的食物
and animal foods that they either hunt or gather.
从那个点到这里
From that point to here,
没有人喝过牛奶或吃过谷物
nobody drank milk or ate grain.
这是第一次
So, for the first time,
我们看到人类吃乳制品和小麦
we see humans eating dairy and wheat,
然后是另一个巨大的转变 对吗
and then there was another big change with that, right?
没错
That's right.
伴随着工业革命
With the industrial revolution,
我们开始食用精制糖
we started to include refined sugars,
精制谷物
refined grains,
以及这些精制糖 精制谷物
and mixtures of these refined sugars,
和精制油的混合物
refined grains, refined oils.
我们称它们为加工过的食品
We call them processed foods.
那些是提供超过70%平均
These are the ubiquitous foods in the typical American diet
卡路里的典型美国饮食中的
that comprise more than 70%
无处不在的食品
of the average calories in the American diet.
-现在吗 -就是现在
- Right now? - Right now.
我们所吃的70%东西
70% of everything that we eat
实际上都起源于工业革命时期
stems from the industrial period, essentially?
工业革命时期前期
The industrial period forward.
实际上加工食品
And actually,
直到1900年到1920年间才流行起来
processed foods really didn't get going until about 1900, 1920,
所以让我们来到
so let's go down to that point here
进化时间轴上的这个点
on our evolutionary time scale.
让我在这里指出来
And let me point down here to this.
如果我们看看最后一英寸的
If we take a look at the last fifth
最后五分之一 我们说的是
of the last inch, we are talking...
就在你的指甲前面
Right in front of your fingernail.
就在我指甲前面
Right in front of my fingernail.
整个进化时间轴上的
The last fifth of the last inch
最后一英寸的最后五分之一
of this entire evolutionary time scale,
这就是人类开始
that's when humanity
普遍食用加工食品的时间
started to generally eat processed foods.
现在告诉我
Now, tell me.
我的天啊
My god,
当你回头看
when you look back
从远处到这里
at that distance to here,
我们现在的饮食问题
is it any wonder
还有什么值得怀疑的地方吗
that we are having trouble with our diet?
我们离遗传学角度上的
We are so far off base from
饮食计划已经相距甚远
what we are genetically programmed to eat.
我们调查的另一半将我们带到纽约
The second leg of our search takes us to New York City
让我们见到了
for us to meet with
美国自然历史博物馆的加里·J·索耶
the American Museum of Natural History's Gary J. Sawyer,
人类生理学家
physical anthropologist.
索耶专注于依照关于我们祖先
Sawyer specializes in the forensic reconstruction
在何处以及如何生活的
of our extinct relatives
最新证据来对我们已经灭绝的
based on the most up-to-date evidence
近亲进行尽可能地还原
of where and how our ancestors lived.
我们不知道如何正确地吃
We do not know how to eat properly.
我们把自己喂饱
We feed ourselves,
但却不能获得适当的营养
but we fail to give ourselves the proper nutrition.
一段时间之后
And after a while,
不良反应开始累积
it becomes cumulative,
我们就开始患上慢性退化疾病
and that's when we start developing degenerative diseases.
我要欢迎你来到人类起源大厅
I'd like to welcome you to the hall of human origins.
我们要穿越时空
We're gonna take a big leap in time now
回到早期旧石器时代
into what we call the very early paleolithic.
如果你一直跟着我走
If you'll follow me over this way,
-我可以给你解释 -很好
- I'll be able to explain it to you. - Great.
我们现在在两百万年前
We're now 2 million years into the past.
我想指出的是
What I'd like to point out
这些人所生活的环境
is the environment where these people lived.
完全开放的草地 被我们称为大草原
All open grassland -- what we call savanna.
背景中有一些树
There's trees in the background,
但这对他们来说
but it's very open,
是非常开阔和危险的区域
very dangerous territory for them.
所以当我们听到最早的现代人
So when we hear that the earliest modern humans
来自非洲和大草原时
came from Africa and came from the savanna,
这就是很好的一个佐证 是吗
this is a representation of that?
这是很好的佐证
This is an excellent representation.
现在我想要
What I'd like,
让你看一些东西
now, to do is show you something.
看看那个
Look at that.
好吧
All right.
这是一块头骨化石
This is a fossilized skull,
大概是两百万年前的
approximately 2 million years old...
保存得很好
in excellent condition.
找到这样保存完好的标本
To find a specimen like this so perfectly preserved
这些人正变得越来越像肉食者
-- these people were now becoming more and more meat eaters,
我们认为这对我们的大脑发育
and we feel that this had a great deal
来说非常重要
to do with expansion of the brain.
我们的身体很快进化成现在这样
Our bodies evolved the way they are now quickly.
但我们的大脑花了较长时间才跟上
Our brain, however, took a while to catch up.
然而 伴随着他们的高蛋白饮食
However, with a high-protein diet -- that's what they had --
那就是我们大脑发育
That was the secret for insufflating our brain
和我们更具智慧的奥秘
and for the greater intelligence that we have today.
那就意味着大脑的增长
Does that mean growing our brain?
-越来越... -是的
- Geting more... - Yes, it does.
-是的 对 -好吧
- It does, yeah. - OK
实际上他们会打破动物的头骨
They would actually crack open the skulls of these animals
并把富含胆固醇的
and actually get the brain tissue out
大脑组织取出来
which is high in cholesterol
打破长骨
break open the long bones
取出骨髓并且吃掉
and get the marrow out and eat that.
所以早期的化石人已经开始吃肉了
So already, early fossil humans were consuming meat.
这对我们的进化和大脑发展
And -- and that made a big difference in our evolution
起到了重要作用
and how our brains developed.
我们相信在进化过程中它功不可没
We believe it made all the difference in our evolution.
如果我们一直是素食者 那么很可能
If we had stayed as vegetarians, in all probability,
我就无法以如此高的
I wouldn't be speaking to you