探寻完美的人类饮食（2012）

就不难理解每篇文章都有参考文献
you realize that every article has references,
你可以引用并参考
and you basically can reference
任何一篇已经发布的文章
every paper that's ever been published ever.
于是我开始阅读这些文章
And so I started to read these articles,
一本一本堆叠在一起
and I started to put them in piles.
他们逐渐形成了这样的模式
They started to form these patterns,
以牛奶为例
like milk,
关于喝牛奶的疑问
problems with drinking milk,
关于食用谷类的疑问
problems with eating grains,
关于植物油的疑问
problems with vegetable oil,
如此这般
and so forth.
然后我开始把他们归档
Then, I started to file them
看看这些塞得满满的抽屉
and you see these filing cabinets in here.
我现在大概整理了一万或者一万五
I now probably have 10 or 15,
也可能两万篇科学文献
20,000 scientific articles,
它们又形成了子模式
and they started to form subpatterns
子模式的子模式
and have patterns in blah, blah, blah, blah.
我开始逐渐对整个理论有了深刻的理解
And so I started to get this insight into the whole thing,
直到那一天
and one of the days,
大概是九十年代初的一天
finally in the early '90s,
我鼓起勇气打电♥话♥给波义德·伊顿
I get up the courage to call Boyd Eaton,
因为他是我心目中的英雄
'cause he was kind of my hero.
电♥话♥接通后
Called him up on the telephone,
我很激动 他很平易近人
and I very -- he's a gentleman
那是真正意义上的平易近人
by the true sense of the word "Gentleman"
他也欣然接受
-- and he, of course,
和一个完全不认识的人
entertained a telephone conversation
在电♥话♥里交谈了45分钟
from a complete stranger for about 45 minutes.
谈话结束的时候 他说
And at the end of the conversation, he goes,
说实话 听起来你比我知道的还多
"Well, sounds to me like you know more about this than I do."
为了更好的举例说明进化营养学的理念
To better illustrate the concept of evolutionary nutrition,
柯丹教授带我来到一座橄榄球场
Professor Cordain took me down to the football field
以此来加深对人类饮食进化的直观感觉
to give human dietary evolution a sense of scale.
两百万年前
Two million years ago
人类众多祖先的中的一位成员首次出现
was the very first appearance of a member are
称之为 直立人
one of our ancestors called homo erectus.
我们确信
And so we believe that
这是人类属系的第一位成员
this is the first member of the human genus "Homo,"
真正意义上的 人
which means "Man."
我们同时还确信这是
And we believe that this is a crucial step
人类饮食进化史上的至关重要的一步
in the evolution of the human diet,
所以这里基本上就是起点
so this is basically the starting point,
我们可以往回走五十万年
and we can go back 1/2 million years earlier,
那是石器最早出现的时候
and that's when the first stone tools were made.
但在解剖学上从头到脚
But the first appearance of people
与我们相似的人类最早
that were anatomically very similar to us
出现于大约两百万年以前
from the head down starts about two million years ago.
后来直立猿人离开非洲
then Homo erectus leaves Africa
到了欧洲
and crosses into Europe.
我们在一个叫做德马尼西的地方
We find Homo erectus for the first time
第一次发现了直立猿人的踪迹
in a place called Dmanisi.
德马尼西可以追溯到170万到180万年前
Dmanisi is dated to about 1.7 to 1.8 million years ago.
这是第一次我们看到直立猿人
This is the first time we see Homo erectus
迁徙到北纬四十度的地方
moving to 40 degrees north latitude.
现在 北纬四十度处的关键问题
Now, the crucial idea at 40 degrees north latitude
是植物性食物不是整年都有
is that plant foods are not available all year round,
所以一年当中有几个月
so there's a number of months out of the year
除了动物性食物没有别的东西能吃
when there's nothing to eat but animal foods.
在我们从德马尼西和格鲁吉亚
After we pick up the fossil record
搜集到化石记录之后
from Dmanisi and Georgia,
直立猿人扩散到亚洲其他地区
the Homo erectus spreads throughout the rest of asia,
他们向东走
and they go east
大约165万年前到达中国的某处
to a site in China roughly 1.65 million years ago.
他们散布在整个亚洲
And they spread all throughout asia
北纬四十度以下的地方
up to about 40 degrees north latitude,
但他们不能到达更高纬度的地方
but they couldn't crack much higher latitudes
因为那时他们大概还不会使用火
than that because they probably hadn't mastered fire by that time.
后来 猿人
Then, we have Homo
从欧洲南部扩散到
spreading from Southern Europe
欧洲北部
on into Northern Europe,
我们可以回到五十万年前英国的博克斯格罗夫
and we can go to Boxgrove in England about 500,000 years ago
在那里我们可以收集到
between 400,000 and 500,000 years ago
四十万到五十万年前的化石记录
where we could pick up the fossil record there.
博克斯格罗夫有丰富的关于大型猎物
Boxgrove revealed a rich fossil record
以及屠宰大型食草动物的化石记录
of big-game animals and the butchering of large herbivores,
包括一头犀牛
including a rhinoceros.
另一个著名的欧洲遗址在德国的舍宁根
Another famous European site is in Schonigen, Germany,
在这里发现了可以追溯到
dated to 400,000 years ago
四十万年前的一些木质的投掷长矛
where a series of wooden throwing spears were found.
放射性碳年代测定法确定
Radiocarbon dating has confirmed
那里发现的木质长矛中的三支
that three of the wooden spears found there
是已发现的最古老的狩猎武器
are the oldest complete hunting weapons ever found.
同时发现的还有超过一万块动物骨头
They were found with more than 10,000 animal bones,
大部分是马骨
mostly from horses,
包括许多为了食用肉而被屠宰的马
including many that were butchered for edible meat.
后来 大约二十三万年前
Then, at about 230,000 years ago,
我们在欧洲第一次看到穴居人的踪迹
we first see evidence of Neanderthals in Europe.
证据表明就像早期猿人一样
And the evidence suggests that like early Homo,
他们高度依赖于动物性食物
they were highly dependent upon animal foods.
随着我们脑容量的增长
As our brain size increased,
我们的行为复杂度也在上升
our behavioral sophistication also increased,
于是我们的捕猎能力有所提高
and we were better able to hunt animal food.
我们不再依赖于搜集食物
We weren't dependent upon scavenging.
所以越来越多的化石证据表明
So more and more of the fossil evidence suggests that
饮食中有了越来越多的动物性食物
more and more animal food was included in the diet.
在长矛顶端加上一个锋利的石块
It takes a degree of behavioral sophistication
需要一定程度的行为复杂度
to be able to make a sharp stone stick to the end of a spear.
那么饮食和我们的行为复杂度有关吗
Now, did diet have anything to do with our sophistication?
我们认为有关系
We belive that it does.
我们认为渐渐地
We believe that increasingly,
我们开始在饮食中摄入更多的欧米伽-3脂肪酸
we started to include more omega-3 fatty acids in our diet.
我们相信随着我们
We believe that as we became
越来越依赖于欧米伽-3脂肪酸
more and more dependent on omega-3 fatty acids,
这同时促进了
that also facilitated
大脑的生长
increased brain growth,
提高了行为复杂度
increased behavioral sophistication.
所以从这条饮食路径走到这里
So by following this dietary path here,
我们变得更聪明
we were getting smarter and, you know,
更复杂
more sophisticated
更善于生存
and better to survive
-和照顾自己 -毫不夸张
- and take care of ourselves. - Literally.
人类大脑的进化
The evolution of the human brain
依赖于动物性食物
was dependent upon animal foods.
此时此刻你我能这么样交谈
We would not be sitting here speaking to one another
完全归功于那些家伙当时
had not those guys way back there
开始吃动物性食物
started to eat animal foods.
所以 根据我的理解
So, as I understand it, then,
历史上的关键时刻马上要到了
right next door is another critical time in history.
完全正确
That's absolutely right.
十九万两千年前 在非洲
192,000 years ago, in Africa,
我们第一次看到了
for the very first time,
解剖学上的现代人类的出现
we see anatomically modern humans appearing.
十九万两千年前
192,000 years ago.
所以线上的下一站是
So the next stop along the line is
事情发生巨大变化的时候
when things really took a big hit.
说得没错
Well, that's right.
我们看到解剖学上的现代人
When we look at anatomically modern humans,
他们离开非洲
they left Africa,
也许过了大概两万年
perhaps, give or take, 20,000 years
在大概七万年前
by about 70,000 years ago,