地平线系列：冠状病毒特别节目（2020）（2）

where you might get swelling and bleeding
产生肿胀和流血的症状
around the blood vessels themselves
情况轻微时你可能只会觉得脚趾头发痒
and in a minor way you might have a painful itchy toe
随后会自行好转
that goes away on its own,
但也可能会导致
but it also may cause
身体内其他血管和器官
a more widespread inflammatory type syndrome
出现更广泛的炎症型综合症
throughout other blood vessels and other organs in the body.
但对大多数人来说 这种症状会很轻微
In most people, this would be a minor event.
妮基 非常感谢你的解答
Nikki, thank you very much indeed.
我们的身体会获得免疫吗
各地都在逐渐解封
Lockdown is gradually easing.
但我们还有很长的路要走
But we still have a long way to go.
除了确诊病例 据估计
Beyond the confirmed cases, it is estimated
英国大约有三百万人
that around 3 million people in the UK
可能感染了病毒
could have had the virus.
但这里有个很重要的问题
But the big question is,
现在是否有人已经获得免疫
are any of those people now immune?
科学从过去的教训中发展
Science develops by learning from lessons of the past.
但对于这个现代病毒
Now, with this modern virus,
我们完全不清楚它对人体免疫系统
we have no idea what the long-term impact of it
有什么长♥期♥影响
is on our immune system
为了弄清楚这点
to learn that we have to go
我们必须回溯三十多年前的研究
and look at studies done more than 30 years ago.
一份在1989年被尘封的
The work of a government research post
政♥府♥研究机构的成果
that closed in 1989
如今重见天日了
is being dusted off.
科研工作者争相对抗大喷嚏
Boffins locked in battle against the big sneeze,
在不同前线发起冷战
waging the cold war on different fronts...
战后建于索尔兹伯里
Set up in Salisbury after the war,
夜间警卫
有警卫犬巡逻
昵称科迪兹的
and nicknamed "Colditz",
普通感冒研究组
哈佛医院
普通感冒研究组
the Common Cold Unit aimed
旨在为常见的呼吸道感染疾病
to find treatments and vaccines
研发治疗方案和疫苗
for common respiratory infections.
最早被确认的一批导致感冒的病毒
A number of viruses that cause colds
就是在这里被发现的
were first identified here,
包括于二十世纪六十年代发现的
including, in the 1960s,
冠状病毒
coronaviruses.
温迪·巴克雷教授
Professor Wendy Barclay
在二十世纪八十年代晚期
was a researcher there
曾是那里的一名研究员
in the late 1980s.
可以把这里看成是一个专门建立来
This was a sort of hospital research centre that was set up
温迪·巴克雷教授
伦敦帝国学院
研究传染性疾病的医疗研究中心
to investigate infectious disease.
你当然不能把真人当做小白鼠做研究
You can't really use human guinea pigs
但当时科学家认为普通感冒病毒没什么影响
but they decided common colds were OK.
你可以让人染上感冒
You could infect someone
然后来研究其中的原理
to study what happened.
一大半的感冒都是由一种叫做
More than half of colds are caused by a family of viruses
鼻病毒的病毒种类导致的
known as rhinoviruses.
温迪想知道人体免疫系统是如何应对
Wendy wanted to see how our immune system responded
这些最常见的普通感冒的
to these most common of common colds.
我有一群很可爱的志愿者
I had a group of lovely volunteers
他们自愿来这里感染病毒
who came and allowed us to infect them
之后他们会被召集回来
and then we asked them to come back
然后给他们感染完全一样的病毒
and we gave them exactly the same virus.
在去年已经感染了病毒的志愿者
And the volunteers who had been previously infected the year before,
他们对这个病毒已经免疫了
they were immune from the virus.
多达三分之一的普通感冒是由冠状病毒引起的
But up to a third of common colds are caused by coronaviruses.
为了测试志愿者的免疫应答
To test their immune response,
研究人员给他们感染了一种
researchers infected volunteers with
叫229E的冠状病毒
a coronavirus called 229E.
当他们再次暴露在病毒中时
When they were exposed to the virus again,
结果大相径庭
the results were very different.
志愿者们回来接受再感染时
Volunteers when they came back got reinfected.
他们的鼻腔中存在病毒 这意味着
They had virus in their nose which suggested
他们有可能把病毒传播给其他人
they might have been able to pass that virus on to somebody else.
他们生病了吗
Did they get sick?
他们没有生病 这是好事
They didn't get sick and that was great,
但我们需要担心的是无症状感染
but we do have to worry about silent infections.
如果人们再感染之后又能传播病毒
If people get reinfected and then can pass their virus on
而他们完全不知道自己被感染了
and don't even know they are sick.
尽管研究只是关注普通感冒的冠状病毒
Whilst the study only looked at common cold coronavirus,
但有证据显示SARS也不会引起
there is evidence that SARS also doesn't bring about
持续长久的免疫应答
a long lasting immune response.
有项研究显示抗体水平
One study showed antibody levels declined
在感染两年后开始下降
over two years after infection.
关于如今这种冠状病毒 早期有证据表明
And early evidence on today's coronavirus suggests
它也不一定会引起
it doesn't necessarily provoke
强烈的免疫应答
a strong immune response either.
不过不同人之间差异也很大
Though it could vary a lot from person to person.
这里是中国最近的一份研究报告
Here we can see a recent study from China
你可以看到
and you can see that
正常地♥产♥生抗体反应的人
people who have made a very healthy antibody response,
但在这边
but down here
可以看到完全没有产生抗体的人
you have got some people haven't made any antibody at all.
我倾向于认为这组病毒
My suspicion is that this group of viruses,
冠状病毒这一类
the coronaviruses in general,
有一种防御方式能够去干扰
have in their armament a way of interfering
免疫应答正常运作的过程
with the way the immune response would normally work,
所以产生抗体的速度比正常情况下要迟缓
so the antibodies get made more slowly than usual,
抗体数量也可能比正常情况下要少
perhaps fewer antibodies than usual,
并且产生的抗体
they don't get maintained
也不像我们在面对某些病毒的时候一样
for as long as we might usually see with a different virus,
让我们产生长♥期♥的免疫力
where we do sometimes see this long-lived immunity.
抗体只是复杂的免疫应答中的一部分
Antibodies are only one part of a complex immune response.
但这对群体免疫有着巨大的影响
But this could have a big impact on herd immunity.
群体免疫指的是一旦种群中有足够多的人免疫
The idea that once enough people in a population are immune,
病毒就无法传播
the virus cannot spread.
考虑到这点 我们可以推测出
The danger presumably is, looking at that,
群体免疫可能会有逐渐消失的危险
that herd immunity could fade away?
是的 我们永远无法达到那么高的水平
Yes, so that we can never achieve that high level
有足够多的人同时获得抗体保护
of where enough people all at once have got protective antibodies
使得病毒传播受阻 无处可播
so that the virus would be stuck and have nowhere to go.
幸运的是 还有另一种方法
Fortunately, there is another approach
来阻止这场病毒的爆发
to stopping this outbreak...
研制疫苗
Develop a vaccine.
为了研制这支疫苗花了将近八年的时间研究
It's taken nearly eight years research to get this vaccine
它叫活体疫苗
and it's called a live vaccine,
是在兔子的肾细胞中培养的弱毒株
especially weak forms of the viruses grown in cells of rabbit kidney.
据估计 疫苗每年避免了
Vaccines are estimated to prevent
超过两百五十万次由于
more than two and a half million deaths every year
麻疹 风疹疫苗
诸如麻疹的传染病引起的死亡
from infectious disease like measles.
疫苗能诱导获得更长久的免疫力
They can induce longer lasting immunity
比我们受到感染获得的要久
than we might get from an infection.
全世界有过百个研究小组正在争分夺秒地
More than a hundred groups around the world are racing
研制冠状病毒疫苗
to develop a coronavirus vaccine.
我想知道正常需要花费数年的流程
I want to find out how a process that normally takes years
如今是怎样被安全地加速进程的
is being fast tracked safely.
我正在前往威尔特郡的波顿登研究基地
I'm on my way to Porton Down in Wiltshire.
英国公共
卫♥生♥部♥门
这是英国最安全的检测机构之一
It is one of the most secure testing facilities in the UK.
研究人员在这里研究的是世界上一些
Researchers here work on some of the world's
最为危险的疾病
most dangerous diseases,
例如炭疽病 埃博拉病毒和鼠疫
like anthrax, Ebola and The Plague.
这些都已经被控制了
All that has stopped.
我们把所有的注意力和力量都转到
And we have diverted all our attention and capability
冠状病毒上来
for the coronavirus.
迈尔斯·卡罗尔教授在进行测试 以确保
Professor Miles Carroll has run trials to make sure
两株候选的冠状病毒疫苗用在人体上是安全的