地狱之地：叙利亚的衰落与ISIS的崛起（2017）

每个检查站都会知道你已经被宽恕了
名为……
So everybody bought for $400 a forgiveness card.
A few months later, the decree came out and,
几个月后，下来了法令
"oh, the forgiveness cards have expired."
“宽恕卡已经过期了”
You can buy a new one, but it costs a bit more.
你可以买♥♥一个新的，但是要花费更多
So everything, everything is costly.
所以说，每样东西都要花不少钱
Robin Yassin Kassab: The vast majority of the Syrian
绝大多数叙利亚民众
people see, um, ISIS as a foreign occupation force.
将伊♥斯♥兰♥国视作一个外来侵占势力
In January 2014, the Free Army,
在2014年一月，叙利亚自♥由♥军
the Islamic Front Militias, and al-Qaeda,
伊♥斯♥兰♥阵线民兵和基♥地♥组♥织♥
all of them declared war on ISIS.
全都向伊♥斯♥兰♥国宣战
阿赫拉尔·沙姆民兵部队
Robin Yassin Kassab: They kicked ISIS out of the whole
他们将伊♥斯♥兰♥国赶出了
of western Syria out of Latakia, Idlib, out of Aleppo,
整个叙利亚西部、拉塔基亚、伊德利卜和阿勒颇，
but then in Iraq, because the Iraqi state had become so
但是在伊♥拉♥克♥，国家已经变得混乱
罗宾·亚辛-凯塞卜
dysfunctional because the Sunni Arabs in Iraq had become
而国内的逊尼派受到了疏远
so alienated, they welcomed these people back in,
因此他们欢迎伊♥斯♥兰♥国的人返回国内
or some of them did.
或者其中一些人回来
Christoph Reuter: They started their blitzkrieg in Iraq,
他们在伊♥拉♥克♥展开了闪电战
taking over Mosul, Tikrit, Shirgat, Hawija.
攻占了摩苏尔、提克里特、希尔加特、哈维贾
And they managed to overrun the weapon depots of about four Iraqi army divisions.
他们还攻占了伊♥拉♥克♥军队大约四个陆军师的军♥火♥库
They were drowning in weapons, they couldn't even take all
他们拥有了海量的武器，无法全部都装备起来
the weapons with them and burned some of them.
甚至焚毁了一部分
But now, they were a full-fledged army with
现在，他们是一支正式的军队
humvees, with strikers, with tanks.
他们有悍马、突击队、坦克
拉卡，叙利亚
Robin Yassin Kassab: They captured all the money in the
他们抢走了伊♥拉♥克♥北部银行里所有的钱财
banks in the north of Iraq and they used this money and the weapons to surge back into Syria.
利用这些钱和武器涌回叙利亚
And they took large parts of the country.
他们占领了这个国家的大部分地区
Christoph Reuter: It was the peak of their power.
那是他们力量的顶峰
And they used this moment to declare the caliphate.
他们利用这一时机宣布建立哈里发国
公元七世纪
伊♥斯♥兰♥
Sebastian Junger: Only a few centuries after the birth of
在基♥督♥诞生仅仅几个世纪后
Christ, the Muslim world started expanding.
穆♥斯♥林♥世界开始扩张
They were at the forefront of the arts, of the sciences, of astronomy.
他们走在艺术、科技、天文的最前沿
They really were the center of knowledge in the world.
他们曾经的确是世界知识中心
There's a real yearning to return to those days of glory
有的人真的渴望回到那些辉煌的日子
Understandably.
这是可以理解的
They have been enduring enormous oppression by
他们长♥期♥忍♥受着独♥裁♥者的压♥迫♥
dictators that are often propped up by the west and
而这些独♥裁♥者常常是由西方势力扶持的
completely dominated by western technology and western culture.
而且他们完全被西方的技术和文化所主导
Part of what ISIS is doing is trying to regain the former glory of the caliphate
伊♥斯♥兰♥国做出的一部分工作在于试图重获往日哈里发国的荣耀
and of the worldwide dominance that Muslim society enjoyed many, many centuries ago.
以及穆♥斯♥林♥社会在许多世纪前享有的世界性统治的昔日辉煌
Charlie Rose: Reports from Iraq today say the ISIS army
今天来自伊♥拉♥克♥的报告称伊♥斯♥兰♥国
and other Sunni Muslim forces captured another major target.
和其它逊尼派穆♥斯♥林♥武装又夺取了一个重要目标
It is the oil refinery in Baiji that produces One-third of Iraq fuel.
即生产伊♥拉♥克♥三分之一燃料的贝吉炼油厂
Christine Romans: ISIS militants have seized a major oil field
伊♥斯♥兰♥国武装分子夺取了一个重要油田
and this area, uh, the field produces 75,000 barrels of oil a day.
该油田每天生产7.5万桶石油
Amos Hochstein: From the early days of the conflict,
在冲突的初期
阿莫斯·霍奇斯坦
gaining territory control over areas that have energy infrastructure were of primary focus because they
give revenue, but they also give semblance of a state
因为它们能带来收入，也能够制♥造♥出这个国家能够提供
to be able to provide natural resources, electricity, fuel, cooking oil.
自然资源、电力、燃料、食用油等的表象
All those things is what a government does.
所有这些都是一个政♥府♥的职责
They had people that were able to handle the expertise part.
他们有能够处理专业领域的人
There are enough Syrians in the local areas that have been working on these oil fields for decades.
当地有足够多在这些油田里工作了数十年的叙利亚人
Amos Hochstein: And while they controlled a relatively smaller portion of the overall Syrian territory,
虽然他们控制的是叙利亚整体领土中相对较小的一部分
they controlled an overwhelming percentage of the oil and gas infrastructure and fields.
但是他们控制了绝大部分的石油和天然气基础设施以及油田
乔治·基尔克索格鲁教授
George Kiourktsoglou: Based on our research,
基于我们的调查
we came up with a number of 45,000 barrels a day.
他们的产出是每天45000桶
You are looking at a ceiling of roughly two million dollars a day income for Daesh.
伊♥斯♥兰♥国一天内的收入最多能高达两百万美元
塔里克·哈希米
这些成千桶汽油是如何越境的？
洛朗·法比尤斯
这不是一个普通的卡车车队
George Kiourktsoglou: Daesh is a different beast.
伊♥斯♥兰♥国是另一种野兽
Daesh has a whole portfolio of financial resources
它们有大量的财政资源
and of course, the smuggling of crude oil is just a part of this portfolio.
当然，走私原油仅仅是其中的一部分
This portfolio also include weapons trafficking, uh,
这套资源还包括
human trafficking, smuggling, and of course, antiquities.
武器、人口、古董走私和非法交易
沙什·哈姆丹
阿姆尔·阿兹姆博士
Doctor al-Azm: Looting of antiquities in the region,
掠夺文物在这片地区
not just in Syria, in the region as a whole,
不只是叙利亚地区，而是整个地区
is a time-honored tradition.
都是一项历史悠久的传统
Arouda山公墓
In times of hardship, what do people do?
在困苦时期，人们会怎么做？
They find alternative sources of income.
他们寻找其它的收入来源
And so now, they just start to loot at will.
所以现在，他们开始肆意劫掠
从ISIS领土上偷出的马赛克艺术品
Doctor al-Azm: The Islamic state institutionalized the Process of looting.
伊♥斯♥兰♥国使抢劫过程制度化
ISIS资源部
阿德南
They made it part of the state.
他们将其变为国家的一部分
伊♥斯♥兰♥国资源部
纳布寺
Doctor al-Azm: As the looting process became more and more
随着劫掠变得越来越复杂
sophisticated, they would issue permits to allow people to bring in heavy machinery.
他们会发放允许使用重型器械的许可证
They established auctions in which to sell these looted items.
他们成立了拍卖♥♥会来出♥售♥这些劫掠品
马修·博格达诺斯少校
Colonel Bogdanos: History be damned, get me more material,
让历史见鬼吧，给我更多材料
more canay-formed tablets, more cylinder seals.
更多帆布板，更多圆通封条
More anything.
更多的东西
More is just more.
多多益善
More means more money.
越多意味着钱越多
From Syria alone, ISIS was making tens of millions of dollars.
伊♥斯♥兰♥国仅仅是从叙利亚就赚了几千万美元
While tens of millions of dollars may not mean much to
如果数千万美元对你来说都不算什么，
you, how much does an ied cost?
那一个简易爆♥炸♥装置又算得了什么呢？
How much is a 7.62 mm bullets?
7.62毫米子弹又能价值多少？
How much do 50 of those bullets go for?
50颗子弹又值多少？
How much does an ak-47 cost?
一把AK-47呢？
How much is an RPG?
RPG（火箭推进榴弹）呢？
How many RPGs can you buy with a million dollars?
用一百万美元你能买♥♥多少RPG？
Doctor al-Azm: ISIS sees cultural heritage as an exploitable resource.
伊♥斯♥兰♥国将文化遗产是做一种可开♥发♥的资源
And so for them, they will loot what they can sell,
那么对于他们而言，他们可以劫掠一切能够卖♥♥出去的东西
but one of the primary uses has been propaganda.
不过它的一个主要用途之一在于宣传
纳布寺
先知约拿清♥真♥寺
Colonel Bogdanos: Once you destroy the cultural heritage
一旦你破坏了一个民族的文化遗产
of a people, you are in effect attacking and destroying their cultural identity.
实际上你也是在攻击和摧毁他们的文化认同
Once you destroy their cultural identity,
一旦你摧毁了他们的文化认同
It's but a short step to destroy and eradicate the people themselves.
就能很快地摧毁和根除他们自己
ISIS辛加尔战役视频
连接伊♥拉♥克♥的摩苏尔和
辛加尔地区是古老的宗教团体雅兹迪人的家园
马赫马 · 西利尔
Reporter: Tens of thousands of people from the Yazidi
成千上万的雅兹迪
religious minority fled to this mountain ridge to escape
少数教派逃离到这个山脊
ISIS militants who recently captured the nearby town of Sinjar.
来躲避刚刚占领辛贾尔附近城镇的ISIS的袭击
伊♥拉♥克♥议会
克里斯·路透
Christoph Reuter: The Kurdish regional government made it a
库尔德地区政♥府♥在国际上
huge international outcry that we have tens of thousands
发出了强烈抗♥议♥：成千上万的
of Yazidis thirsty and starved to death on this mountain.
雅兹迪人在这座山上饥渴而死
It was like you are touched, the Biblical maze of Masada.
就像被罗马围攻的马萨达一样
People on the mountain, 50 degrees,
山上的人
in hot summer without water, and all the jihadists sitting
在五十度的烈日下，没有水喝，而所有的圣♥战♥分子
around the mountains waiting to kill everybody.
围着山坐等着杀掉所有人
You had old conflicts, old hatreds between the Yazidis
在辛贾尔的雅兹迪人和萨♥达♥姆♥的逊尼派极端忠诚分子之间
from Sinjar and the Sunni's ultra-loyalists to Saddam.
有过去的冲突和仇恨
They were keen to make clear that this area will never be inhabited by Yazidis again.
他们急于表明，雅兹迪人再也不会居住在这个地区
Sebastian Junger: One of their slogans is "we the jihadists,
他们的标语之一是“我们圣♥战♥者
we love death more than you in the west love life."
热爱死亡，胜过你们这些西方人爱生命。”
A lot of people think that thatNmeans that they're psychotic.
许多人相信这意味着他们是群疯子
Only crazy people would act like that.
只有疯子才会这个样子
But there is no way to fight people who frame their
但是，如果不考虑某种社会和历史正义
struggle in those terms without also taking into
就无法与那些将自己的斗争定格在这些方面的人
account some kind of social and historical justice.
进行斗争
ISIS的颂歌♥
大卫•汤姆森
曼比季，叙利亚
马尔万
President Obama: Our objective is clear.
我们的目标很明确
We will degrade and ultimately destroy ISIL through a
我们将通过全面和持久的反恐战略