地狱之地：叙利亚的衰落与ISIS的崛起（2017）

可能还用了化学武器
And they killed somewhere between 10,000 and 40,000 people,
最终杀死了1♥0♥0♥0♥0♥到40000左右人
and the memory of that terror kept the Syrian
而这段恐怖记忆迫使叙利亚从那时开始
people silent until 2011.
一直沉默到2011年
马尔万
马尔万和他的哥哥拉德万以及他们的全家
拉德万
阿卜杜勒斯贾巴尔·奥卡伊迪上校
Reporter: Pictures have emerged today apparently
记者：显然这些照片显示
showing members of the Syrian army defecting to join
叙利亚军队士兵叛逃
protesters in the city of Homs.
到霍姆斯加入反抗者
Robin Yassin Kassab: You have a growing number of local
罗宾·亚辛-凯塞卜：志愿者和
volunteers and a growing number of military defectors
越来越多的叛逃军人
who were joining together to form into hundreds of self-defense militias
联合组成数百支自卫民兵队伍
which eventually all came together under the umbrella titled, "the Free Syrian Army."
并最终聚集在名为“叙利亚自♥由♥军”的保护伞下
Ahmed: These groups the FSA had in Aleppo at that time were really helpful.
当时叙利亚自♥由♥军在阿勒颇拥有的这些组织确实很有帮助
艾哈迈德
Once in Salaheddin, I was demonstrating in there.
有一次在萨拉赫丁，我在那里参与示♥威♥
萨拉赫丁区，阿勒颇
People start just falling on the ground that, from shooting from the regime.
人们一个个地被政♥府♥军开枪射倒在地
They closed the road on us.
他们封锁了我们的道路
Ahmed: And then, like out of nothing, like angels,
然后，像是无中生有，像天使从天而降一般
somebody shoot the thugs and they fell
有人朝那帮暴徒开枪，他们倒下了
and they were able to escape.
受害人才得以逃生
Soldier: Takbir!
士兵：泰克比尔！（穆♥斯♥林♥常用语，指念诵赞主词）
FSA soldiers: Allahu Akbar!
FSA士兵们：真♥主♥至大！
Soldier: Takbir!
泰克比尔！
FSA soldiers: Allahu Akbar!
真♥主♥至大！
哈吉·马拉指挥的Liwa al-Tawhid旅是阿勒颇地区最强大的反叛组织
Soldier: Takbir!
泰克比尔！
克里斯·路透
Christoph Reuter: The propaganda of the regime was
政♥府♥宣传的说法是
"we are not confronted with a local revolution of people who demand rights.
“我们面对的不是诉求权利的人♥民♥发起的本国革命
No, we are confronted with a foreign-funded jihadi movement."
而是外国势力资助的圣♥战♥运动。“
彼得·波科特
Peter Bouckaert: Actually, a lot of the
事实上
Jihadists were released by the Syrian regime
许多圣♥战♥分子都是叙利亚政♥府♥
in the very early stage of the conflict.
在非常早期的冲突时释放的
Amr Al-Absi
扎兰·阿罗什
哈桑·阿巴德
There was an amnesty which allowed a lot of people with
曾有一场大赦，令许多
very nasty records to be freed from custody in Syria.
被拘留且拥有非常恶劣记录的人在叙利亚获释
It was a strategy of survival.
这是一种求生的策略
罗宾·亚辛-凯塞卜
Robin Yassin Kassab: The regime thought enough people
政♥府♥认为外界
in the outside world would be scared away from the
会有相当多的人会被这些
revolution by the size of these bearded working classmen
拿着AK47的大胡子工人阶级吓得远离革命
with kalashnikovs and they were right.
他们是对的
And America, in 2011, 2012, they were saying,
而美国这边，在2011、2012年，他们表示
"we can't allow weapons to go into Syria.
“我们不允许武器流入叙利亚
We can't send the democrats, the nationalists of the free
我们不能给民♥主♥主义者、自♥由♥军的民族主义者送武器
army weapons, because some of those weapons might get into
因为他们一部分有可能流入到
the hands of Islamist extremists."
伊♥斯♥兰♥极端分子手中。”
威尔·麦坎茨
Will McCants: In the absence of a major international effort
由于国际主流社会力量
to build a army to oppose the Assad regime,
没有付诸努力建立一支反对阿萨德政♥权♥的军队
A lot of private individuals in the gulf began
很多海湾地区的个人开始
to fund armed groups on the ground inside of Syria.
资助叙利亚境内的武装组织
Ghaith Abdul-Ahad: FSA was a fantastic media labeled term,
FSA是一个奇妙的媒体标签词
盖斯·阿卜杜勒-阿哈德
but there was no central authority,
但是没有一个中心的主管
No one could command anyone, no one could have a one unity on a fronline.
谁也不能指挥任何人，也无法在前线拥有联合
I would go to a village, it has five, six militias.
如果我到过一个村庄，里边有五六支部队
I would come few months later, they have multiplied into 50, 60
几个月后我再过去，可能就扩充到了五六十支
because forming a militia became a way of getting money.
这是因为组建军队成了一种赚钱的方式
The amount of money, the amount of ammunition,
金钱和军♥火♥的数目
the amount of weapons pumped into that conflict totally
还有大量的武器促使冲突完全地
destroyed the revolution and turned it into the
摧毁了革命，并将其转变为
dynamics of civil war.
内战的动荡
Peter Bouckaert: Early in the war, ISIS wasn't present.
战争早期，ISIS还没有出现
There was a very diverse landscape.
由于那里的前景多变
So a lot of the Bosnians, and the Tunisians,
因此相当多的波斯尼亚人、突尼斯人、
and the Libyans, the more extreme kind of elements of
利比亚人，这些团体中的更极端的分子
those groups came on there "el Muhadrim."
来到那里"el Muhadrim"
El Muhadrim means the immigrants,
El Muhadrim意思是移♥民♥
the foreign fighters.
外国的战士
These groups fought alongside each other around Aleppo.
这些团体在阿勒颇一带并肩作战
Ahmed: Fighters came 3:00 in the morning,
士兵们凌晨三点前来
sneaked inside Aleppo.
潜入阿勒颇
Nobody knew they were coming.
没人知道他们会来
There were just, like, in every corner, you could see one fighter.
他们好像无处不在
And then in the morning,
到了早上
two tanks started shooting this neighborhood.
两辆坦克开始射击这个街区
The FSA started shooting it.
FSA开始射击
They had only this RPG and it was not enough for that tank.
他们仅有的RPG不足以对付坦克
The second day, three tanks came.
第三天，来了三辆坦克
They destroyed the first one and then they destroyed the last one.
他们先后击毁了前后两辆坦克
So the one in the middle, just, like, surrendered himself.
中间的这辆缴械投降了
Man: Allahu Akbar!
真♥主♥至大！
Allahu Akbar!
真♥主♥至大！
Man: Allahu Akbar!
真♥主♥至大！
Ahmed:In the same day, when all this happened,
在同一天，当所有的这些发生的同时
Most of the people left Aleppo and
大部分民众离开了阿勒颇
They went to the countryside.
他们逃离去了乡村
拉德万
马尔万
Hanano 军事基地
Mahmoud al-Basha: Hanano military base was the biggest
Hanano军事基地是
穆♥罕♥默♥德♥·巴沙
military base for Assad regime in Aleppo city.
阿沙德政♥府♥在阿勒颇最大的军事基地
So when the FSA took half of the city,
所以当FSA占领了一半的城市时
They decided to attack this military base.
他们决定进攻这儿
Ahmed: In this military base, there were thousands of weapons,
这个军事基地里有成千上万的武器
Warehouses full of weapons.
仓库里装满了武器
So many groups, people I know, friends,
非常多的团体、我认识的人、朋友
were going to Hanano military base and they were just taking weapons
都前往Hanano基地拿武器
Man: Then the bombardments started.
后来，轰炸开始了
Day and night, non-stop.
从早到晚，从不停歇
Sebastian Junger: One of the problems with letting a civil war go on too long is that more
让一场内战持续太久产生问题之一就在于
and more people get involved.
有越来越多的人被卷进来
It's a little bit like a bar fight where all of a sudden,
这就有点像一场酒吧打架，突然之间
everyone's jumped in and is throwing chairs at each other.
每个人都跳进来互相扔椅子
Syria became a civil war in response to the violence of the government.
由于政♥府♥的暴♥力♥，使得叙利亚进入了内战
Eventually, Iran got involved through Hezbollah
最终，伊朗通过真♥主♥党介入
to support the Assad regime.
支持阿萨德政♥权♥
The Kurds got involved.
库尔德人也加入进来
Turkey got involved.
土耳其也参与进来
The Arab gulf states got involved.
阿♥拉♥伯海湾国家也来了
Eventually, all the world powers and all the regional
到最后，所有的世界大国和区域大国
powers had some investment in the war in Syria and in many
都对叙利亚战争有了一定的投入
cases were actively involved in the fighting.
并且在很多情况下积极参与了战斗
Once you get in a proxy fight, so many people have such huge
一旦你卷入代理之争，如此多的人
Interests in the outcome that it's almost impossible to stop.
对产出有着如此大的兴趣，它就不可能停止
2012年8月21日
President Obama: Obviously, this is a very tough issue.
奥巴马： 很明显，这是一个非常棘手的情况
I have indicated repeatedly that President al-Assad has
我曾经多次表示过，阿萨德总统已经
lost legitimacy that he needs to step down.
失去了合法性，因此他需要下台
So far, he hasn't gotten the message and instead has
至今，他还没有接受这个信息，反而
doubled down in violence on his own people.
加倍地对自己的人♥民♥实施暴♥力♥
I have, at this point, not ordered military engagement in the situation
在这一点上，我还没有下令在这一情况下进行军事干预
but we have been very clear that a red line for us
但我们已经非常明确，对我们来说的一条警戒线就是
is we start seeing a whole bunch of chemical weapons moving around or being utilized.
开始看到大量的化学武器被转移或是使用
That would change my calculus.
那将改变我对叙利亚问题的原有看法
That would change.
它会产生改变
Robin Yassin Kassab: When he said that,
当他做了这样的演讲后
a lot of Syrian revolutionaries were very upset because it seems to be saying that,
许多叙利亚革命人士都很沮丧，因为这似乎是在暗示
"look, you can use Scud missiles,
”好，你可以用飞毛腿导弹
you can shoot them down in the street,
你可以当街击落他们
you can use warplanes.
你可以用战斗机
Anything is fine except chemical weapons."