地狱之地：叙利亚的衰落与ISIS的崛起（2017）

Sebastian Junger: When a society collapses into anarchy and violence
当一个社会崩溃到无政♥府♥状态和暴♥力♥时
civilians inevitably take matters into their own hands
民众们不可避免地会自己动手
They form armed militias.
他们组织武装民兵
They put up checkpoints and roadblocks.
他们设置了检查点和路障
They kill or expel anyone in the area who might threaten
他们杀死或者驱逐任何可能威胁到
their grip on power.
他们权力的人
In that kind of environment,
在这样的环境下
radical ideologies are almost guaranteed to take hold.
激进的意识形态最可能占上风
Radicalism depends on desperation.
激进主义依赖于绝望
It depends on grievance.
它基于不满
And it then provides its own harsh answers to the
之后，它对困扰世界上大多数地区的
corruption and the violence that afflict much
腐♥败♥和暴♥力♥提供了
of the world.
自己严酷的答案
People will always turn to radicalism once
一旦人们用尽了其它选择
They have exhausted every other option.
他们往往会投向激进主义
Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar.
真♥主♥至大，真♥主♥至大
They have to.
他们不得不如此
Their very survival is at stake.
他们的生存岌岌可危
地 狱 之 地
因为涂绘反对苏利亚总统巴沙尔阿萨德的标语而被捕
2011年三月，一群德拉的在校少年
德拉省安♥全♥部♥队负责人
阿特夫·纳吉布
2011年三月
达拉，叙利亚
Robin Yassin Kassab: At first it wasn't a revolutionary movement.
起初这不是一场革命
罗宾·亚辛-凯塞卜
They weren't calling for the fall of the regime or
他们没有要求推♥翻♥政♥权♥
The execution of the president.
或是处死总统
Robin Yassin Kassab: It was very simple.
他们的意愿非常简单
"We want our children to be released."
“我们想要我们的孩子们得到释放”
They were calling for dignity,
他们在呼唤尊严
which is important in a country where people
这对于一个人♥民♥习惯于被羞辱和摆布的国家而言
were used to being humiliated and pushed around.
是非常重要的
莎拉·查耶丝
Sarah Chayes: It's really remarkable the degree to which
有一件事情是非常值得引起注意的
corruption has played an important role in driving a variety of security crises
即在过去的五年到十年内爆发的各大安全危机中
that had been breaking out in the last five to ten years.
腐♥败♥从中起到了重大的推动作用
给世界的信息
标语上的字：
我们给了你30年的机会
穆拉巴克下台
Every single one of the Arab Spring revolutions was
每一场“阿♥拉♥伯之春”里的革命
explicitly an anti-corruption revolution.
都是明确的反腐革命
These were countries run by extremely sophisticated
都发生在那些由及其复杂且成功的犯罪组织
and successful criminal organizations.
管理的国家
The people who are paid to uphold the law are the very
领薪执法的正是那些
ones violating it.
违背法律的人
It's humiliating.
这很讽刺
突尼斯
Tunisia catches fire.
突尼斯爆发革命
利比亚
Libya catches fire.
利比亚爆发革命
胡斯尼·穆巴拉克
Egypt catches fire.
埃及爆发革命
Bashar al-Assad looks at that and says,
巴沙尔·阿萨德环顾四周然后说
叙利亚
"I'll be damned."
“我要完了”
So he was willing to respond to peaceful demonstrations
所以他意愿用最大化的武力
with maximal use of force.
来应对和平示♥威♥
达拉，叙利亚
The bet that he made was
他下的赌注是
"there's, at this point, no compromising with this movement
这个运动没有妥协的余地
so if I wanna stay in power,
所以如果我想继续掌权的话
I have to absolutely take it to the limit."
就绝对要将它做到极致
Robin Yassin Kassab: Very quickly we got into this
罗宾·亚辛-凯塞卜:很快我们就陷入这样一个循环
cycle of protests that were met by gunfire which led
抗♥议♥受到武力镇♥压♥
to funerals the next day.
镇♥压♥又导致了之后的葬礼
The funerals became bigger protests.
葬礼变成了更大的抗♥议♥活动
The demands, then, began to get bigger.
呼求也变得越来越大
Social justice and freedom, an end to corruption.
社会正义、自♥由♥、终结腐♥败♥
活动人士呼吁和平抗♥议♥叙
大约20分钟前，#阿勒颇 Salah Al Din报道了抗♥议♥活动
The regime responded again with more and more violence.
政♥府♥又次以更强大的武力回应
Zaidoun al-Zoabi: I participated in demonstrations
Zaidoun al-Zoabi： 我参加了示♥威♥
And I was detained twice afterwards.
因此被拘留了两次
扎伊杜恩·祖阿比
In that jail, I witnessed at least the death of 80 people
在监狱里，我目睹了至少80个人
who died just because of the conditions.
仅仅是由于恶劣的监狱环境而去世
There was no oxygen, there was no medicine.
那里没有氧气，没有药品
There was no space for you.
也没有足够的空间
You can't sleep, there's no sleep.
你不能睡觉
叙利亚军事情报总局
Wardens did not have to beat us.
狱卒都不需要打我们
We used to do it to each other.
因为我们常常互相殴打
You know, just like a couple of rats put in a small, small, small space
就像把一群老鼠放在一个非常非常小的空间内
and we were, we were just biting each other.
然后我们互相啃噬对方
It is a factory of terrorism.
那是一个恐♥怖♥主♥义♥工厂
You would go inside as an ordinary person and
你进去的时候还是一个普通人
Leave as a terrorist.
出来的时候就成一个恐♥怖♥分♥子♥了
Linda Ibrahim
Linda Ibrahim: I was almost 16, 17 when the revolution started.
Linda Ibrahim： 革命开始的时候我差不多16、7岁
I wanted to do something.
我想做些什么
I mean, I wanted to participate in demonstrations.
我想加入到示♥威♥中去
I wanted these things to stop.
我想终止这些事情
Emely Issa
Emely Issa: That night, I tried to prevent them.
Emely Issa: 那晚我试着阻止他们
I told them you are young and we don't know yet how will
我告诉他们你们还年轻，而且我们还不知道
the regime behave against you.
政♥府♥将会如何对抗你们
I was afraid they will shoot.
我担心政♥府♥方会开枪
They will shoot.
他们会开枪
I tried, but they insisted so I told them
我尽力了，但他们依旧坚持，所以我告诉他们
"okay, I will be in front of you.
好吧，那我将走在你们前面
I will be the first, but you have to follow my instructions."
我走最前面，而你们必须听从我的指令
Emely Issa: If God gave me 1,000 years to live,
Emely Issa:即便上天让我再活一千年
I will never forget that sound.
我也无法忘记那个声音
Linda Ibrahim: When you see such sufferings,
Linda Ibrahim: 看到这样的苦难
there is no childhood.
童年也在这时终结了
So many of my friends were killed.
我的很多朋友都被杀了
And this is the hardest thing, you know.
这是最痛苦的事情
Before, we wanted many things, we wanted to change,
在这之前，我们想要很多事情，我们想要改变
but now we just want peace, you know, for,
但是现在，我们只想要和平
stop killing children, I mean.
只想停止屠♥杀♥儿童
Stop killing innocent people.
停止屠♥杀♥无辜的人
BBC News: Mr. President, human rights watch, for example,
BBC News: 总统先生，以人♥权♥观察组织的说法为例
30th of January this year, has said that forces loyal to Bashar al-Assad
今年一月30日，忠于巴沙尔·阿萨德的武装部队
"have deliberately and viciously attacked civilians in opposition-held areas using indiscriminate weapons"
“在反对派控制地区使用无差别杀伤性武器蓄意恶毒地攻击平民”
Bashar al-Assad: No, there's no indiscriminate weapons.
不，没有使用无差别杀伤性武器
When you, when you shoot, you aim, and when you shoot,
当你，当你射击时，你先瞄准
When you aim you aim at terrorists in order to protect civilians.
你瞄准恐♥怖♥分♥子♥来保护平民
Again, if you're talking about casualty, that's war.
重申一下，如果你用“伤亡”，那是战争
You cannot have war without casualty.
没有无伤亡的战争
Alahu Akbar...
真♥主♥至大
Alahu Akbar.
真♥主♥至大
Robin Yassin Kassab:The regime wanted a war.
罗宾·亚辛-凯塞卜：政♥府♥想要一场战争
This sounds strange.
这听起来很奇怪
Why on earth would any regime, or government,
怎么会有政♥权♥，或者政♥府♥
or state provoke a war against itself?
或者说国家，挑起一场反对自己的战争呢？
Robin Yassin Kassab: The regime knew very well that it
政♥府♥很清楚
couldn't survive a genuine reform process.
自己活不过一次真正的改革
If there was a real reform process,
假使真的有一次改革
One thing would lead to another.
将会起连锁反应
There would, there would be more and more transparency,
政♥府♥将要有越来越多的透明度
more and more crimes would be exposed, and in the end,
进而会揭露越来越多的犯罪事实，最终，
at best, the president and his top officers would have
对他们而言最好的情况是，总统和他的高管们
ended up in prison stripped of their stolen wealth.
将入狱，并被剥夺掉所有他们偷来的财富
巴沙尔·阿萨德
马哈·阿萨德
阿瑟夫·沙乌卡特将军
They thought that in a military conflict, in a war,
他们相信能够打赢军事冲突——或者说战争
they could win because they had done it before.
——取得胜利，因为他们以前这么干过
Under Hafez al-Assad, the father of Bashar in 1982,
在1982年，巴沙尔的父亲哈菲兹·阿萨德的统治下
they used artillery, they used aerial bombardment,
他们使用大炮、空中轰炸
They probably used chemical weapons,