维京史话（2012）

She's wearing a short-sleeved woollen blouse,
她穿着一件短袖的羊毛衬衫
the lower half of her body is covered
她的下半身覆盖着
by this perfectly-preserved folded blanket or skirt also of wool,
保存完好的百褶羊毛筒裙
and you can't resist the possibility
另外很有可能...
that if you could somehow bring someone back who was there that day,
如果你能把某些那个时代的人带来这里
they could look at this and recognise her and know who she was.
他们可能会能认出她是谁
And this splendid individual is the son.
这具漂亮干尸是她的儿子
The fact that his hair has been preserved,
他的头发也保存了下来
this flamboyant hairstyle, just adds to his allure
这种炫目的发型增加了他的吸引力
and you get the sense,
你会觉得
looking at how he's styled himself,
看到他装束的风格
that there is just a trace of his personality in there as well.
就能勾勒出他那时的个性如何
But it's the husband and father
而所有干尸中最为夺人眼球的...
whose remains are the most telling of all.
是这个家庭的一家之主
Everything about this guy says big man -
这个大人物所有的一切
the size of him,
他的体型…
his musculature, the mass of his bones -
发达的肌肉…粗壮的骨骼
all of his life, he had access to a good diet.
一切都说明他生前锦衣玉食
That in itself suggests wealth.
说明他们是富裕之家
His fingernails were neatly manicured
他的指甲修剪的很整齐
so he was the kind of man
所以他是那种
who had the time to take care of his appearance.
有时间去打理自己仪表的人
He lived to be around 60 years old,
他一直活到大概六十岁
which is a good age, really, by any standards.
无论如何这算得上是长寿的了
In life and in death, he was the centre of the family.
他生前和死后都是这个家庭的中心
It's clear that in Denmark and the south,
显而易见的是在丹麦和南部地区
the Bronze Age ancestors of the Vikings lived a good life.
维京人的祖先在青铜器时代生活的很好
But the further north you lived,
但越是往北方
the progressively tougher things must have become
耕种土地的条件
for anyone trying to farm the land.
就会越严苛
For the Vikings themselves, 2,000 years later,
对于两千年后的维京人来说
the varied geography of their lands
这片大♥陆♥多变的地理条件
would shape very different destinies.
造就了他们截然不同的命运
Scandinavia was always a land divided.
斯堪的纳维亚一直是一片分♥裂♥的土地
In the south, there was plentiful farmland and relative affluence,
在南部耕地充足并且相当富饶
but the north was always a different, a tougher prospect.
但在北方则完全不同--苦寒而贫瘠
There WAS land available, but it was limited.
土地稀少
A lot of it around the sides of and at the necks of the Fjords,
且大多在峡湾的沿岸和入口处
so perhaps it's no surprise that of all the Vikings
所以当这里的维京人--那时住在挪威的人们
it was the Norwegians who ventured furthest in search of,
不辞艰险地前往远方寻找新的土地时
quite literally, pastures new,
就没什么好惊奇的了
where a man wasn't just wedged
在新开辟的广阔土地上
in between the mountains and the sea.
人们再也不用受困于山与海之间的狭小地带了
But, of course, we know that the Vikings weren't just expert sailors
当然正如我们所知，维京人不仅仅长于航海
and skilled ship builders.
和建造精良的船只
They were also warriors.
他们同样是勇猛的战士
Even by the standards of the Dark Ages,
即使用暗黑时代的标准来衡量
the Vikings were especially adept when it came to the messy business of killing.
在战场上维京人也是特别勇猛嗜杀的战士
And again, it was something deeply rooted in their Scandinavian past.
而这种勇猛深深扎根于斯堪的纳维亚的往昔中
To discover the origins
为了要探究
of the Vikings' natural talent for bloody combat,
维京人这种勇武嗜血天赋的起源
I'm moving on from the peaceful farmers of Bronze Age Jutland -
我要离开了宁静的青铜器时代的日德兰岛的农夫
to later, and much more violent times.
去到更晚但更加暴♥力♥的时代--
The Iron Age.
铁器时代
This is the Hjortspring Boat,
这个是"希由斯宾之舟"
and it's one of the most famous sea-going vessels that you will ever lay eyes on.
它一定是你见过最著名的航海船只之一
I've seen lots of photographs of this over the years
多年来我很多次见过这艘船的照片
but they can't do it justice.
但是并未能得窥全貌
It's a bit like if you've only seen a Hollywood star
就象是…好莱坞的明星
in movies and magazines
你只在电影和杂♥志♥上见过他们
and then one day you find yourself standing next to them
而有一天他们就站在你旁边
and all at once,
突然之间
you have to deal with their physical presence as well,
你得能实实在在感觉他们存在
so it's like that in here for me.
就像我现在也是这样
The Hjortspring Boat dates to around 350 BC.
希由斯宾之舟建造于公元前三百五十年
That's around 1,000 years after our Bronze Age family.
也就是青铜器时代之家之后约一千年
But still 1,000 years before the first Viking raids.
而在第一次维京劫掠发生之前的一千年
About a third of it was recovered,
船体恢复了三分之一
enough to allow its shape to be recreated as a metal frame,
这足够按照它的金属框架来恢复其形状
cradling its precious timbers,
箍上船身的木框架
and revealing a form that was perfect for war.
从而展现一艘战舰的完美形态
One of the most important things to notice about the Hjortspring Boat
希由斯宾之舟最需要留意的部分
is that it's beautifully symmetrical.
是其漂亮的对称形状
It has an up-thrusting prow at this end
它的船头向上翘起
and exactly the same at the other.
而船尾的形状也完全一致
There's room for about two-dozen men,
船上大约能载二十四个船员
each using paddles like these,
每个船员都用这样的船桨
these are made from maple wood,
船桨是用枫木制成的
and they could fairly get skipping along through the water.
这样就能让船就在水中破浪前进了
Now, because it's got the prow at each end
因为船的两端都是船头
it means as soon as you beach it you're already in position
即使船被拉上了海滩
to go back out into the water as soon as you want.
船员也能够马上(不要掉头)把船驶回海里
Why is that important?
(这种特性)为什么这么重要呢?
Because the Hjortspring Boat is designed for a quick getaway.
因为快速撤离对希由斯宾之舟非常重要
We know that this very boat experienced bloody battle.
正是这种船只经历过血腥的战斗
When it was discovered
和它一起被发掘出来的
it was found packed with shields, swords, and spears.
还有不少盾牌，剑和长矛…
All the weapons of a small army.
足够装备一支小型的军队
Men like these were well practiced in war
在第一次维京劫掠之前一千年
and seaborne raiding a thousand years before the first true Viking raid.
这些人已经能在海上娴熟的海战和劫掠
And so the Vikings didn't just spring out of nowhere, fully formed,
维京海盗并不是突然凭空冒出来的
instead they were the product,
相反的，他们是那里动荡和暴♥力♥的
the evolution of a dynamic and often violent history.
历史背景下革命性的产物
All across Scandinavia there were tribes
斯堪的纳维亚遍布着各种部落
with their own identities and territories and allegiances,
每个部落都有各自的特征 各有领地和同盟
and they learnt to fight, first of all, by fighting each other.
通过互相征战，这些部落深谙战争技巧
Warriors like those that paddled the Hjortspring Boat
驾驭着希由斯宾之舟的那些战士们
were the forefathers of the true Vikings.
是后来真正维京海盗的祖先
The were the seeds from which the Vikings grew.
这些种子最后长成了维京海盗
The Iron Age was a violent time right across Europe.
铁器时代的欧洲是充满了暴♥力♥
And Scandinavia was no exception,
斯堪的纳维亚地区也不能幸免
as local tribes 2,000 years ago tussled for power.
两千年前这些部落为了争夺权力而相互攻伐
But as they did so, another force was on the move.
激斗正酣之时，另有强权登场了...
The Romans.
罗马帝国
The Southern edge of Denmark
丹麦的南部边界
is as close as the Scandinavian world ever came to the might of Rome.
是斯堪的纳维亚和强大的罗马帝国最接近的地区
And the presence of the Roman Empire
罗马帝国的出现
would play its own part in the how the Vikings came to be.
对维京地区的形成也产生了不小的影响
Rome had seemed unstoppable,
罗马帝国曾经所向披靡
but in 9AD an event occurred
但是公元后九年发生的事件
which was to send shockwaves throughout Europe
其影响波及了整个欧洲
and even had implications for the far north and Scandinavia.
连远在北方的斯堪的纳维亚也卷入其中
About 250 miles to the south of modern-day Denmark,
丹麦国境线以南大约二百五十英里处
in the dense woodland of Northern Germany,
德国北部茂密的森林地区
Rome's Northern army was brought
罗马的北方军团受到
to an abrupt halt by an alliance of local Germanic tribes.
当地日耳曼部落联盟的突袭
Three legions of Roman soldiers, around 32,000 men,
三个军团大约三万两千名士兵
were lured deep into the Teutoburg Forest, and there, annihilated.
被诱敌深入到蒂德贝里森林地区 并在此全军覆没
It marked the end of Roman expansion into Northern Europe.
这次惨败宣告了罗马帝国在北欧拓疆的终结
Scandinavia was, and would always remain, outside the Empire.
斯堪的纳维亚于是独♥立♥于帝国之外...一如既往
The halting of Rome brought
罗马人止步于此也造成
another level of division between the north and the south.
欧洲南方北方在另一个方面的分♥裂♥
Now, as well as their different geographies,
除了截然不同的地理条件外
you could add a divergent economic landscape as well.
经济上也泾渭分明
This land, Denmark,
丹麦
and the rest of Scandinavia was never ruled by Rome.
以及斯堪的纳维亚的其他地区 都从未被罗马所统治
But the Roman Empire had an insatiable appetite for exotic goods from the north,
但帝国对产自北方珍宝的需求似乎永远欲壑难填
animal furs, oils, and this stuff - amber.
皮毛、油脂… 还有这东西--琥珀
It's relatively common in Denmark and Norway,
琥珀在丹麦和挪威比较常见
but it's extremely rare in the Mediterranean
但到了地中海地区却及其稀有