维京史话（2012）

the terms of which basically gave the Vikings control of a territory north of a line
协议规定切斯特城和泰晤士河一线
stretching between Chester and the Thames.
以北地区的控制权归维京人
The territory became known as the Danelaw.
这片地区史上称为"丹麦律法区"
It was basically a Danish Viking colony.
这里基本上就是丹麦维京人的殖民点
All of this land that I'm travelling through now
我现在旅行的这片区域…
was under Danish Viking control.
那时都在丹麦维京人的控制之下
What the Vikings did here in England was unprecedented.
维京人在英格兰的所作所为是没有先例的
The taking of England wasn't settlement or expansion.
他们取得英格兰不是通过定居或者扩张
It was conquest, by war.
而是通过战争征服
It was different from anything they were to do anywhere else,
这和他们在其他任何地方的方式都截然不同
and the result was unique,
而结果也是独一无二的...
a fusion of Viking and Anglo-Saxon culture in the North
在北部维京文化和盎格鲁-撒克逊文化熔合在了一起
that even today gives Northern England
时至今日英格兰北部
so much of its distinctive character.
还保留了不少与众不同的特质
The establishment of the Danelaw
丹麦律法区的建立
essentially created our North-South divide.
实际上是划定了(英格兰的)南北分界线
The city that became the capital of the Danelaw was York.
后来成为丹麦律法区的首府的城市是约克
And Viking settlers started flooding in to what was already
维京定居者开始蜂拥进入…
one of the most important Anglo-Saxon centres in England.
这座盎格鲁-撒克逊人的重要英格兰城市
All of these items here shows that there were Vikings in York.
这里展示的所有东西都说明维京人曾经到过约克
They're classically Viking material.
这些都是传统的来自维京的东西
The comb for personal grooming and taking care of head lice.
梳头和打理头虱的梳子
You've got amber jewellery, possibly from the Baltic.
可能是产自波罗的海的琥珀首饰
This is a gaming piece, and it's walrus ivory,
这是海象牙齿做成的骰子
maybe from as far away as Greenland.
最远可能来自格林兰岛
So it's precisely the sort of stuff you expect from Vikings
都是我们印象当中的维京人的东东
and from people who are trading,
这些东西的主人都是带着产自世界各地的商品
at a time when York has become a centre with material coming in from all over.
来商业中心--约克经商的人
On the back of Viking trade, York boomed,
维京人的商业活动使得约克兴旺起来
and became a thriving city,
成为了一座繁荣的城市
second only to Anglo-Saxon London.
(在不列颠)仅次于盎格鲁-撒克逊人的伦敦
Its population exploded from 2,000 to 10,000.
城市的人口从两千增加到了一万
But for the Vikings who settled here,
而对于定居在这里的维京人来说
it was a very strange experience.
(住在约克)是种十分陌生的经历
York was quite unlike Birka, or even Dublin,
约克和比尔卡或者都柏林都不一样
let alone the farmstead settlements of most of Scandinavia.
更不用说斯堪的纳维亚的乡下了
And the new city life had some very serious downsides.
而城市生活也会有不好的一面
I'm quite glad to be putting on gloves,
幸好我可以带上手套搞这些
because these contain Viking excrement.
因为这些东西是古维京人的粪便...
Fragments thereof. It's all been collected from cesspits.
粪便的碎屑...是从粪坑里拣来的
Examination of this, though,
化验这些东西
glamorous though it certainly isn't,
肯定不会有趣
is very informative,
但是这里面包含了很多信息
because this contains traces of what the people were eating.
因为我们能以此分♥析♥出那时的人们的食物是什么
You get traces of things like bran, cereals, fruit stones.
分♥析♥后得知他们吃糠...谷类...和坚果
So we can tell that, in some ways, their diet was quite healthy.
从某种程度上可以说他们的饮食相当健康
However, most tellingly of all,
而最重要的信息是...
the excrement is full of eggs left behind by intestinal parasites. Worms.
他们的粪便中有很多寄生虫的虫卵
It was unavoidable.
这在当时是不可避免的
And it was caused by the sanitation,
由于当时的卫生条件
or frankly, the lack of it.
或者坦率说...根本没有
There wasn't the infrastructure for running water.
那时没有下水管道
So, by and large, people had cesspits in their yards.
大部分人只能在空地上便便
They were living close to, surrounded by, their own waste, their own infections.
人们的生活场所距离自己的垃圾和排泄物很近
That took its toll.
这种状况危害很大
Something like 50% of Viking women were dead at 35.
超过百分之五十的维京女人寿命不超过三十五岁
Viking men were lucky to make it to 50.
男人稍好一点能活到五十岁
Despite its drawbacks,
尽管在城市生活有弊端
York became a place of manufacture, craft and design,
约克还是发展成了手工业和设计的中心
as well as trade and settlement.
当然也是殖民和贸易城市
As the second and third-generation Vikings grew up here,
在此出身的第二第三代维京人
there was inevitable integration of people and language.
不可避免地(和当地人)在语言和血统上相互融合
How many of the words we use every day
现代英语中有多少词汇
actually have their roots in Viking words?
是来自古维京语呢？
Lots and lots of really basic everyday words.
有很多很多日常的词汇都是
So a word you've just used, "root," itself probably comes from Old Norse.
比如你刚刚用到的词"ROOT"
Comes through the Viking side of English's ancestry.
很可能就来自古维京语的英语
What about things around us in this market?
我们周围市场里的东西有吗？
Well, things like eggs, skirts,
有啊，比如EGG，SKIRT
I see some bags over there.
我看见那里有BAG
The sky, windows,
SKY...WINDOW
other things that I can see include skin, leg, skull...
除了这些…我还能想到SKIN，LEG，SKULL…
So very simple words?
都是些很简单的单词对吗？
Very simple, basic words for things, yeah.
非常简单而基本的单词，都是事物的名称
Also words which describe how we feel and how we react to stuff.
还有些单词描述我们的感受和对外界的反应
So if you're angry, if you're happy, if you're ill...
比如ANGRY，HAPPY，ILL
Those words as well? All these words come from Norse.
这些单词也是吗？ 这些单词都源自古维京语
Basic verbs as well.
也有基本的动词
So, give and take, get, call.
比如GIVE，TAKE，GET，CALL等
Does language reveal anything about the extent of Viking colonisation?
语言是否会揭示维京人殖民地的范围？
Well, the easiest way to tell that
呃…最简单的办法就是
is by looking at the evidence of the place names.
从地名来判断
Anywhere in a band across the North and the East,
柴郡到萨福克郡一ß线东北部地带
from Cheshire right down to Suffolk,
有很多古维京地名
there are lots of Old Norse place names.
这些地名全部或者部分来自维京
Words which are wholly or partly from Old Norse. So anything involving '-by'. B-Y.
比如以BY结尾的地名
Places like Grimsby...
象GRIMSBY(格林斯比)
Or Whitby. Whitby, yes. Selby.
或者WHITBY(惠特比)，SELBY(塞尔比)
And what does the '-by' mean?
BY是什么意思呢？
"-By" seems to mean a settlement, village.
BY的意思是定居点或村庄 ...农场周边的地方
Somewhere round a farmstead. There are lots more.
其他还有很多例子
It's amazing, isn't it?
真是有趣...
We're talking about people who arrived, you know, 1,300, 1,200 years ago,
这些一千两三百年前到达这里的人们
and yet the words they brought with them are still echoing around us today.
而他们的语言时至今日还在我们身边回响
They're all around, yes. That's right. That's right.
他们好像还在附件 你说的很对
When you come to a place like this,
当你来到这里
is easy to see the impact that Vikings have had on us.
这的周围到处是维京人留下的东西
And it's not just the place names
不仅是地名...
or the words in our everyday language.
或者我们日常的使用的单词
The Vikings are part of who we are.
维京已经成为了我们的一部分
By setting up their own towns, and by marrying the locals,
他们在此建立城市定居并且和当地人通婚
their blood mixed with our blood.
维京人的血液已经和我们的互相融合了
And they're still here with us today.
至今一直与我们同在
What started with attack and war became,
始于入侵和战争开始
as so often with invaders, assimilation.
而终于相互同化...和历史上所有的入侵者一样
Bloodshed giving way to a new cultural fusion.
流血杀戮终将让位于文化融合
But for the Vikings, this wasn't only something that happened
对于维京人而言，这些不仅仅...
with the Anglo-Saxons of England.
发生在盎格鲁-撒克逊人的英格兰
It was global.
这种过程是全球性的
To end my journey, I'm returning to Stockholm one last time.
结束我的旅程前，我还将最后一次返回斯德哥尔摩
Because right here, at the geographical hub of East and West, North and South,
因为在这座地处东西南北地理交汇点
at the heart of the Vikings' trading network,
并位于维京贸易网络中心位置的城市里
there's something that epitomises
有件东西能够成为
the global reach of that trading empire.
维京贸易王国通达四海的象征
And it also graphically illustrates
而且能生动地说明
just how many cultures the Vikings were exposed to.
维京人曾和多少外部文明有过接触
A collection of treasure discovered on a little Baltic island
这批珍宝来自波罗的海上的一个小岛
was once the property of a single Viking household.
原本属于一个维京家庭
Look at these three marvels.
来看看这三样奇妙的东西
They are known collectively as the Helgo Treasure.
它们被统称为海尔格之宝
They were all found together in one house.
都是在同一间屋子里发现的
First of all, there's a bishop's crosier,
第一件...这是主教的手杖
which is the headpiece that would be on top of a staff
手杖的端部刻着精美的装饰
carried by a bishop as a mark of his office and status.
主教手执牧杖象征着他的职务和身份
Everything about its decoration is typically Irish.
手杖上所有的装饰都是典型的爱尔兰式样
How did it come to be in an island in Sweden?
它是怎么来到这瑞典小岛的呢？
Well, we've talked about raids on Irish monasteries,
我们说起过维京人抢劫爱尔兰的修道院
and it's very believable
很有理由相信...
that this has been plundered during one of those raids.
这件东西是在某次抢劫中被带走的
Next here, we have a ladle.
第二件是个...长柄勺