维京史话（2012）

These are not the kinds of injuries
这些人并不是
that are inflicted on people who are standing up and fighting.
在负隅顽抗时战死的
All of these men - the three here and the rest in the boxes -
包括后面纸箱里的所有这些人
were killed, butchered, while they were running away.
都是在逃跑是被杀戮的
A particularly grim piece of evidence suggests
有一宗特别确凿的证据显示
that all these men were victims of Ethelred's massacre in 1002.
所有这些人都是1002年埃塞雷德屠♥杀♥中的受害者
If you look at this one, you see this burning on the forehead
头骨的前额这里有焚烧过的痕迹
on the front of the skull?
在头骨的前部
And then there's more burning here, on the right hand.
在右手还有更多焚烧的痕迹
He's been in a fire somewhere after death.
他死后尸体被焚烧过
And some of the other bodies show evidence of burning as well.
另外还有一些遗骸也有被烧过的迹象
An account of the killings from Oxford, where these skeletons were found,
发现这些遗骸的牛津郡有篇报告
records that a group of Danes sought sanctuary in a church.
记叙了曾有一群丹麦人在一家教堂寻求庇护
To no avail.
但最终还是未能逃脱
The local Anglo-Saxons simply burnt it to the ground with everyone inside.
当地的盎格鲁-撒克逊人把教堂连同里面的人全都付之一炬
So it's possible, just possible, that this,
有一种可能是...只是可能...
and they, were some of those
这些人就是
who sought refuge in a church 1,000 years ago,
一千年前在教堂里避难的那些人
for all the good it did them. King Ethelred's desperate action, though, was a failure.
埃塞雷德国王不顾一切的举动绝对是个错误
The Viking raids continued unabated.
维京人的劫掠丝毫不减
And soon, England was on its knees.
英格兰很快就屈服了
For the Danish king, it was the chance of a lifetime.
对于丹麦国王而言，这是他一生中最难得的机会
In 1013, Sweyn Forkbeard launched a full-scale invasion of England,
公元1013年，弗克比尔德全面入侵英格兰
and it worked.
他成功了
The English king, Ethelred the Unready, simply ran away,
“鲁莽王”埃塞雷德逃之夭夭
abandoning the English crown to the Dane.
把英国的王位拱手让给了丹麦人
But it turned out to be a very short reign.
但弗克比尔德的统治非常短暂
Five weeks later, Forkbeard was dead,
五个星期之后弗克比尔德就死了
but, by his side, was his young son called Canute.
而他之后还有年轻的王子卡努特
Now there's a name we're all familiar with.
这是个我们都耳熟能详的名字
Canute was grandson of Harald Bluetooth
卡努特是“蓝牙”哈拉尔的之孙
and son of Forkbeard -
弗克比尔德之子
a continuation of the Jelling royal dynasty.
是耶灵皇室的继承人
Canute returned to Denmark,
卡努特人虽回到丹麦
but he kept his eye firmly on the English crown.
但眼睛却还是紧盯着英格兰的王位
Just two years later, he was back,
仅仅两年之后，他又回来了
with 200 ships and 10,000 men.
率领着二百艘战舰和一万名士兵
And after some bloody fighting,
几场血战之后
he became King of all England.
他成为了整个英格兰的国王
Everyone knows the story about King Canute and the sea -
每个人都听过卡努特大帝和海的故事
how he ordered that his throne be taken down onto the beach
关于他脱下皇冠放在海滩上
and then he sat there,
然后自己也坐在沙滩上
and as the tide came in, he told the waves to turn back.
当波涛涌过来时 他命令海浪退后
And of course they didn't.
结果当然失败了
And his feet got a wet
他的脚被海浪打湿了
and he ended up looking a bit foolish, a bit arrogant.
他看上去有些傻，有些自大
But that wasn't what he intended at all.
但其实他根本不是
What happened that day was a pure PR stunt.
整件事其实都是一次公♥关♥秀
His subjects, his followers, were supposed to see that he was just a man
国王想要他的国民和追随者们看到他只是一个凡人
and that only God had the power to control the sun and the moon and the tides.
而只有上帝才有力量控制日月星辰和潮涨潮落
In conquering England with an axe, Canute had shown his Viking roots.
用战斧征服英格兰，卡努特显示的是他维京人铁血的本质
But he was also determined to prove he was a devout Christian king.
但他也决心证明自己同样是虔诚的基♥督♥徒
Combining both powerful traditions,
集两种强权于一身
he would go on to become ruler of an empire,
他成为了王国的统治者
a member of the European royal elite.
也是欧洲皇族精英之一
And when he died, his tomb was no Viking longship beneath a grassy mound.
去世后，他的墓穴并非葬于土丘下的维京长舟
Instead, it was a cathedral.
相反他被安葬在一间大教堂里
So that, nowadays, we hardly think of him as a Viking at all.
以至于现在几乎没人认为他是个维京人
Originally founded by the Anglo-Saxons over 1,000 years ago,
一千多年前由盎格鲁-撒克逊人始建的
Winchester Cathedral houses tombs of
温彻斯特大教堂长眠着几个世纪以来
the great and the good, centuries of England's most worthy.
英格兰最值得尊敬的大人物和善人们
In medieval England,
在中世纪的英格兰
a more celebrated,
再也没有比这里更加著名
a more Christian location for your mortal remains could hardly be wished for.
更加适合基♥督♥徒安放遗体的地方了
So, for a king who was born Viking,
如果对方是流淌着维京人血液
whose heritage was pagan,
信仰着异教的国王
and who was viewed as a brutal conqueror of England,
而且还被视为英格兰的血腥征服者
you might think this is an unlikely final resting place.
你可能觉得这里不会是他长眠之地
But the truth is, by Canute's death in 1035,
而实际上，1035年卡努特去世时
he was known as Canute the Great.
人们尊称他为卡努特大帝
Canute's invasion of England could be viewed as the ultimate Viking expedition.
卡努特入侵英格兰是维京人最后的远征
A rite of passage for a true hero of the Sagas.
是北欧传说中盖世英雄的最终谢幕
Though tradition had it that after your adventures,
历经世间繁华后还是要终老黄泉
you were meant to return home.
自古皆是
For most Vikings, that meant farming a plot of land at the end of a fjord.
大多数维京人最终的归宿就是峡湾的尽头的一小块墓地
But Canute was King.
而卡努特身为国王
And his bones are inside that box up there
他的遗骨被安放于上面的这个棺材里
or possibly that one...
也可能是那个
..or that one.
..或者那个
Any of these.
这些都有可能
The truth is, we don't actually know where his mortal remains really are,
实际上，没人确切知道他的遗体究竟在哪里
because during the English Civil War, around 600 years after his death,
因为在他死后六百年的英国内战时
parliamentarian Roundhead soldiers used the bones inside these reliquaries
圆颅党的士兵用这些棺椁里的骨骸
to smash out what they regarded
去敲碎那些他们视作是偶像崇拜的
as the frankly idolatrous stained-glass window above the cathedral entrance.
教堂入口上方的彩色玻璃窗
A bunch of killjoys.
正是大煞风景！
Soon after, the good people of Winchester collected up the glass
之后不久，温彻斯特人用收集起来的碎玻璃
and rebuilt the window.
重造了窗
Although the colourful patchwork
尽管修复后的窗色彩斑斓
ended up more modernist than medieval.
相比原来有点现代主义
The bones used to smash the windows were collected up too
敲碎玻璃用的骨头也被收集起来
and returned to the reliquaries.
并被放回到棺椁中
But, like the window, in a slightly random way.
但就像窗一样，是随意安放的
So although we don't know where his bones actually are,
虽然我们不知道他的遗骸究竟在哪
we hope and suspect he's up there somewhere.
我们还是希望并且猜想他就在上面某个地方
Canute's ambition had extended beyond ruling England.
卡努特的雄心并不止于统治英格兰
He was soon King of the Scottish islands, Denmark,
他的王国还包括了也是苏格兰、丹麦
Norway and parts of Sweden too.
挪威和瑞典部分地区
He had created a Viking empire.
他开创了一个维京大帝国
From England, I've come south to Austria, right in the heart of Europe.
离开英格兰，我南下前往欧洲中心的奥地利
Because Canute wasn't just a northern ruler,
卡努特不仅是北方的统治者
but an early European statesman.
他还是位心怀全欧洲的政♥治♥家
Canute was smart.
卡努特英明睿智
He knew that more trade across Europe meant
他很清楚跨国的贸易越繁荣
more taxes to fill his coffers.
他就能收越多的税金来填充金库
So he set about standardising the whole European economy.
于是他开始着手对整个欧洲的经济进行标准化
Now, you might think of the euro as a modern concept.
你可能认为欧元是现代才出现的概念
But it's not really,
事实并非如此
and in the 11th century,
十一世纪时
it was neither France not Germany that was the centre for monetary union.
那时货币联盟的中心并不是法国或者德国
It was England.
英格兰才是
First of all, Canute standardised Scandinavian and English coins,
卡努特首先统一了斯堪的纳维亚和英格兰的金银币
so that there was a common currency.
这个地区于是有了通用的货币
And then, it appears that right across his empire, the ounce,
接下来就是在帝国内规范“盎司”
the weight that was used for measuring gold and silver, was altered to match up
这是用来计量金银重量的
with the ounce of Byzantium, of the Byzantine empire.
把它和拜占庭帝国用的盎司单位统一起来
And that was at a time when Constantinople was
那时的君士坦丁堡是世界上
not only the largest, but also the wealthiest city on Earth.
最大且最富庶的城市
Canute was carefully integrating his empire
卡努特正小心翼翼地把他的帝国
into a medieval single European market.
融入中世纪欧洲的统一市场
Canute the Great was a player on the world stage, and here in Vienna,
卡努特大帝是位世界级的政♥治♥家
there's an incredible object that shows us how influential he was.
陈列在维也纳的这件东西足以证明卡努特的影响力有多大
And how far he had come from his Viking roots.
以及他和传统维京人有多大的差别
A decade after becoming King, Canute attended the coronation
登基后的第十年，卡努特出席了一场加冕仪式
of the man who ruled most of central Europe - the Holy Roman Emperor.
对方是统治中欧大部分地区的神圣罗马帝国皇帝
And this glorious object is what he was crowned with.
这就是皇帝加冕时戴在头上的
It's called Die Reichskrone,
它的名字是“Die Reichskrone”
the Imperial Crown,
意思是“皇帝的皇冠”
and back in 1027,
1027年时
watching this being placed on the Emperor's head was the hot ticket of the season.
能出席皇帝的加冕仪式可是件时髦的事