维京史话（2012）

then you felt entitled to help from Odin and Thor.
你就期待能得到奥丁和托奥的护佑
But the new Christian God wasn't like that.
而基♥督♥教却并非如此
He was more of a judge.
耶稣更象是一个法官
If you misbehaved, he was the injured party
如果你做错事 他也会受到伤害
and you would be made to suffer in the next life.
而你自己会在来世遭受报应
So instead of the promise of Valhalla,
维京人不再祈望死后能前往瓦尔哈拉殿 (北欧神话中奥丁神的居所)
now, Vikings learned to live in fear of eternal damnation.
相反他们畏惧死后要永远堕入地狱
The whole focus of Viking life was shifting, away from the here and now,
维京人生活的目标完全改变了
the adventure, the heroic deed, the reputation.
探险、英雄行为、荣誉
Instead, it became about hoping for life after death.
相反他们变得寄望于来世
And there was something about that that feels a little bit sad.
这种转变的确让人有点沮丧
The wild north that had been the backdrop for the entire Viking world
狂野的北方作为整个维京时代的历史舞台
was leaving its mysterious and ancient past behind...
人们渐渐遗忘了它的神秘莫测和精彩过往
and emerging into a much more European age.
转而投入新的更为欧洲化的时代
It was all very well becoming Christian and exercising royal power,
皈依基♥督♥教和实行王权统治固然很好
but to effectively run a state, you also needed an efficient administration
但要治理一个国家还需要一套有效的管理体制
and effective taxes as well.
还有税收
And the masters of that operated just across the North Sea -
而在北海的另一边就有这方面的大♥师♥
the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁-撒克逊人
Now, I'm heading for England...
现在，我将前往英格兰
..because for the ninth-century Danes,
对于九世纪时统治这里的丹麦人来说
this country was more important than ever...
这个国家比以往任何时候都更重要
..as an easy source of cash.
...作为财源滚滚的税收来源
England had been Christian for centuries, and she was also streets ahead
英格兰已经基♥督♥教化好几个世纪了
of her Viking counterparts when it came to commerce.
而在商业方面，她也是维京伙伴们可以仿效的模型
Hiya. Hi. How are you doing?
嗨，你好吗？
Not bad. Can I have four of these Braeburns, please?
请给我四个布林果
Thank you.
谢谢
Manufacturers and farmers ensured a steady flow of goods and currency.
工匠和农夫们保证了可靠的货物和现金流入
Thank you.
谢谢
Relatively speaking, this was a rich trading nation.
相对而言，这是一个富裕的商业国家
There was also a huge army of bureaucrats, administrators, to look after the land,
有一大批官吏和行政人员管理着这片土地
to dispense the justice and to collect the tax.
调解纠纷和收税
To put it mildly, she was rich and well organised.
中肯地说，这个国家富裕而组织完善
For nearly 100 years, between 866 AD and 954 AD,
公元八六六到九五四的将近一百年时间内
Denmark had had a piece of the action,
丹麦采取了一系列举动
controlling the kingdom of the York from the Danish city of Jorvik.
坐镇于约维克城控制着约克王国
Now though, York was back under Anglo-Saxon control.
之后约克重归盎格鲁-撒克逊人治下
So Harald Bluetooth's descendants had to resort
“蓝牙”哈拉尔德的子孙们则被迫采取
to some very old-fashioned Viking tactics.
一些最为古老的维京策略
Not that that just meant more raiding for slaves or monastic treasure.
并非抢劫奴隶或者修道院的财宝
By the late 10th century, the Vikings had a new scheme -
十世纪后半页时维京人有了新的方法
to issue threats and demand tribute payments
—通过威胁索要进贡
in cold, hard cash.
比如黄金、(金银币)硬通货
England had the most well-organised
英格兰拥有当时西欧管理最完善
and efficient currency anywhere in Western Europe at this time.
和最有效的货币(体系)
They had up to 70 mints active at any one time,
任何时候都有多至七十家铸币厂在运转
from York down to Exeter and Canterbury.
分布在约克，埃塞克特和坎特伯雷
And each of them would be making silver pennies,
每家铸币厂都能铸造银币
much like this one.
就像这枚
So they're all solid silver,
这些都是纯银硬币
that's this unifying feature of them,
这是他们的统一特征
they've all got the same worth?
它们的价值都一样吗？
Precisely, yes.
完全一样
England had a sophisticated coinage system and well-organised tax collection.
英格兰拥有精密的货币系统和组织完善的税收
Denmark had neither.
而丹麦则两者都不具备
But King Harald's son and successor,
但哈拉尔德的儿子和继承人
Sweyn Forkbeard,
斯文·弗克比尔德
didn't see the need for improvement.
并不认为有改进的必要
Not when you had neighbours
特别是当你的邻居表现良好
who did it so well for you.
而你又能坐享其成时
Sweyn might have been baptised,
斯文可能接受过洗礼
but his veins ran with Viking blood.
但他的血管里还是流着维京人的血
And when he came to the throne,
即位之后
he crewed up the Danish longships once more and set sail for England.
他又一次集结了丹麦长舟舰队起航征伐英格兰
So it's from around the 980s
从公元九八零年起
that the Vikings begin to go and attack
维京人又开始袭击英格兰
and extract money from England again.
意在攫取钱财
And we see the English coins begin to flow into Scandinavia in massive quantity.
英格兰的财富开始大量的流入斯堪的纳维亚
How much money are the Vikings taking out of the country?
维京人从这个国家攫取了多少财富呢？
A very great deal.
数目巨大
We know from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that more than £200,000
从盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史中得知
was paid to them overall between 991 and 1018.
在991年至1018年间，一共付出了超过二十万英镑
Are the English producing coins precisely
英格兰人把银币铸造地如此精确
because they know the Vikings are coming and will want paying?
是因为他们知道维京人会来索取进贡吗?
Well, the most vivid example we have of this is this coin here.
呃，这枚银币就是个最生动地例子
With all of these other types, you have the bust of the King and a cross.
其他所有的银币上都会有国王半身像和十字架
But in this case, you don't, you have the Lamb of God
而这个银币上印的则是耶稣
and you have the Holy Dove.
还有圣鸽
This coinage is all about an invitation to God,
这枚银币完全就是对上帝的请求
trying to get him to send the Vikings away and bring the English to safety.
请求把维京人赶走把安全还给英格兰
But, invoking God on their coins didn't help.
然而在银币上求助于上帝也于事无补
The more they paid the Vikings off, like any blackmailer,
向维京人纳贡就像抱薪救火
the more they came back with new demands.
薪不尽而火不灭
Realising that England was being bled dry,
意识到了英格兰将会被榨干
the English king decided to hit back.
英王决定还击
Now, the English king, Ethelred,
英国国王埃塞雷德
we generally know him as Ethelred the Unready.
后世通常称呼他为鲁莽(Unready)埃塞雷德
He was given that nickname, "Unready", for very a good reason.
他得到这个绰号♥是名至实归的
In old English, unready means ill-advised,
在古英语中Unready的意思是“欠考虑”
and the policy of continually buying off the Vikings was a pretty poor plan.
并且靠不断贿赂维京人(换取和平)的策略相当糟糕
In 1002, he made a ruthless decision
1002年时，他做出了一个惨无人道的决定
and ordered that all Danish men in England were to be killed.
埃塞雷德下令处死英格兰境内所有地丹麦人
What happened next is known as the Saint Brice's Day Massacre.
接下来的惨剧史称“圣布赖斯日屠♥杀♥”
By the 11th century,
十一世纪时
England was home to thousands of born-and-bred ethnic Danes,
有数千丹麦裔人生活在英格兰
whose families had lived in England for generations.
这些丹麦家庭已经移居英格兰数代之久了
But they dressed differently
但这些人仍然身着独特的服装
and they stood out in society.
在社会上特立独行
Now, every one of them was a target for revenge.
而现在所有这些人都成了清算的目标
These are the skeletons of three men.
这里是三个人的遗骸
They were excavated in Oxford during work in advance of a building project.
这些遗骸是在牛津地一个建筑工地挖掘出来的
There's three here on display
这里只展示了其中的三具
but 38 skeletons were found together.
但实际上一共有三十八具
There are far too many to display here and now,
实在没法在这里全部都摆放出来
so the rest are in their carefully numbered and catalogued cardboard boxes.
其他遗骸被小心编号♥分类后放在这些纸箱里
All men, all, as far as we can tell, aged between 16 and 25,
所有这些人(死时)的年纪都在十六到二十五岁之间
certainly none of them older than 40.
肯定没有超过四十岁的
But what is particularly amazing about them
另人吃惊的是
is that they're all the victims of violent death.
这些人都是被暴♥力♥杀害的
I almost don't know where to start.
真不知道如何开始
This individual here, you can tell that he's a big robust character.
这副骨骼的主人生前是个强壮的大个子
But for all that, he's been felled initially by a blow to the back of the legs.
虽然如此，他还是被从背后重击在腿上而打倒在地
Like a sword swung at him from behind
比如从背后用剑猛砍
and it's cut through the muscles
劈开了肌肉
the flesh, the tendons
砍断了肌肉、砍断了筋腱
and finally through the bones themselves.
最后把骨头也砍断了
So he's been felled like a big tree.
人的身体就像大树一样倒下
But that's not the end of it for this guy.
但他的痛苦还没有完
On this side of the pelvis, do you see that hole?
看到头骨上的窟窿了吗？
That puncture wound?
这是穿刺伤吗？
That's where the point of whatever it was,
这些窟窿是被
spear or sword, went in and out the other side.
剑或者矛刺穿的痕迹
Huge damage to the skull.
头颅骨受伤很严重
Something like a sword or something sharp and heavy has caused
这个很大的伤口是被重而锋利的剑砍的
this massive slicing blow, it's opened his head up like an egg.
这个人的头骨象蛋壳一样被劈开
There are cut marks on the ribs.
肋骨上也有被砍的痕迹
Too much has been done here.
这人受了这么多处伤
Any one of these wounds would kill the person
而任何一处都足以致命
this is crazy violence.
这些暴行真是令人发指