维京史话（2012）

One stormy day, some time in the second half of the ninth century,
九世纪下半页风雪交加的一天
a Viking ship was blown off course.
一艘维京船被大风吹离了航线
It finally beached up on an uninhabited, unexplored shore, here on Iceland.
最终在冰岛一处无人居住的未知的海滩靠岸
It must have presented
当时维京水手们看到的...
a truly terrifying, alien landscape.
肯定是一幅可怕而陌生的景象
But its discovery meant that the Vikings
而这次发现标志着维京人
were no longer just raiders and traders.
不再仅仅是入侵者和商人了
From that moment onwards,
从那时起...
they were explorers and adventurers.
他们也是探索者和冒险家
I'm retracing the steps of the Vikings...
我将追溯维京人的足迹...
..to discover the truth about their lives...
去发现关于他们生活的真♥相♥...
..and their mysterious world.
...还有他们神秘的世界
Even now, this place feels like it's on the edge of everything.
时至今日，这里还像是世界的边缘
And, as an archaeologist,
身为一名考古学家
I'll be seeking out some of the most telling evidence of all...
我将从所有的古代遗址中...
..their very remains.
选出最为显著的证据
This flamboyant hairstyle just adds to his allure.
这种炫目的发型恰好增加了他的吸引力
Last time, I travelled east
上一集中我远赴东方...
to discover the far reaches of Viking trade.
揭示了维京人贸易王国究竟有多大
These dark lines, etched into the marble, are Viking runes -
刻在大理石上的这条黑线正是维京符号♥
ancient Viking writing.
古维京文字
Now, I'm heading west
这集中我将西行...
to find out how the Vikings became explorers and kings,
去揭开维京人是如何 成为了探索者和国王的
creators of an entire Viking empire of the north.
并最终在整个北方建立起了维京王国
By the end of the ninth century, the Viking age was in full swing,
九世纪末期维京人的势力到达了全盛时期
with their territories and influence spreading outwards
他们的领地和影响力早已不局限于
from their Scandinavian homelands.
斯堪的纳维亚家乡了
The Swedes travelled east, down the great rivers of Russia.
瑞典人沿着俄♥罗♥斯♥的河流一路向东
The Danes crossed the North Sea, raiding and colonising,
西边...丹麦人跨过北海殖民英格兰
and establishing, at York, the hub of a trading network in the west.
把约克变成了维京的贸易中心
For the Norwegians, however, it was a different story.
而挪威维京人则是另外一幅景象
I'm starting in Bergen, Norway,
我将从挪威卑尔根出发...
to see how the people of the north,
去看看这些北方的人们
the Norsemen, carved out their own slice of the Viking world...
是如何在维京世界中描绘出属于自己的那部分画卷的
..in the wild, uncharted Atlantic Ocean.
他们的舞台在蛮荒而前人未曾涉足过的大西洋上...
From up here,
居高临下...
you can clearly see that between the mountains and the fjords,
可以清楚地到 山丘和峡湾之间
there's precious little in the way of available farming land.
农田稀少而珍贵
So, for an expanding population,
因而，当人口膨胀时
many of them ambitious young men,
很多是雄心勃勃的年轻人
that absence of available land could have only one outcome.
土地稀少使得他们别无他法...
The most adventurous of them
最有进取心的那些人
would seek to change their circumstances and their opportunities,
试图改变境遇和寻找机会
and to do that,
于是...
they would up and leave.
他们起身离开
The secret of the Norsemen's success was their notorious longship.
维京人成功的秘诀就是这臭名昭著的维京长舟
It's the icon of the entire Viking age.
这种船是整个维京时代的象征
And here in Bergen,
在卑尔根
people have built a decent seagoing reconstruction of one.
人们对其中一艘船进行了修复
Rowing one of these,
划着这么一艘船
on a day like today,
在这样的好天气里...
it's actually quite pleasant
是很愉悦的
if you can get into the rhythm.
当然你得找准节奏
Oh, hold on, hold on.
噢...稳住...稳住
It's all gone terrible.
全乱了...
The Vikings were notorious for their fast and manoeuvrable warships.
维京人的战舰因快速而转向灵活而闻名
But to conquer the ocean,
但是要征服大海
they also needed sturdier vessels.
他们的船还得更加坚固些
Shorter, wider and powered by sail.
短一点，宽一点，能用风帆来驱动
They were perfect to carry goods,
这种船非常适合装载货物
animals, tools and people.
牲畜，工具和人员
Crewed by as few as six men,
仅仅只要六个船员
ships like these carried the Norse to the end of the known world...
这种船载着维京人一直航行到已知世界的尽头
..and far beyond.
甚至更远
Lena Borjesson has spent months at sea,
不带任何现代技术装备
navigating without modern technology
莉娜.博格森在海上航行了数月
to understand just how the Vikings did it.
这样做是为了了解维京人是这么做到这点的
They were dependent on the sun.
他们依靠太阳辨认方向
If they didn't find the sun,
如果看不到太阳
they were "hav vill",
他们就会"hav vill"
they were lost at sea.
他们会在海上迷失方向
Harv ville. Hav vill.
Harv ville...Hav vill.
That's a word you don't want to hear on a Viking ship.
在维京船上肯定没人希望听到这个词
Right!
是的
From experiments at sea,
通过海上的试验
Lena has discovered that being so dependent on an unreliable sun,
莉娜发现如果依赖并不可靠的太阳来指导方向
the Vikings often had to be flexible about exactly where they ended up.
那么预定目标和最终到达的地点之间是常会有偏差的
If you don't end up in Shetland,
如果没有抵达设德兰
you would end up in Orkney.
你可能到了奥克尼
And that's not bad, is it?
这其实并不坏，对吗?
Right.
是的
So you just have to be a bit more open-minded about
对于最终会到哪里
where you're going.
你需要豁达淡定一点
You've got it.
你说的很对
Their epic voyages are a defining part of the Viking legend.
史诗般的远航是维京传说中标志性的一部分
From coast-hopping raids, it wasn't long before
从开始对沿海发动蛙跳式的袭击后不久
the Norwegian adventurers started to strike out into the open ocean,
挪威冒险家们就开始探索辽阔的公海
in search of new lands to settle.
寻找可以居住的新大♥陆♥了
Now, I'm following in their footsteps...
而今，我将追随他们的脚印
..travelling from Bergen to Shetland...
从卑尔根前往设德兰
..one of their first stops.
那是维京人航线上的第一站
We know that large numbers of them arrived on Orkney
我们知道公元九世纪之后
and here in Shetland from around 800 AD onwards,
很多♥维♥京人到达了奥克尼郡和设德兰
because virtually all of the place names are Norse in origin.
实际上这些地名实际上都来自维京语
No Pictish names survive.
而不是原来皮克特语的名字
We don't know if the local population was enslaved
我们无从得知得知原住民是被征服了...
or exterminated or just driven off.
还是被消灭了或者被赶走了
But knowing how badly the Vikings behaved elsewhere,
但想到维京人在别处的残暴行径
it was probably all three.
这些都有可能
On Shetland, there had already been raiding and pillaging.
设德兰岛曾经遭受过维京的入侵和劫掠
But some Vikings who arrived here came to stay.
而其中一部分维京人留了下来
And relics of their farms still survive.
他们开垦过的农场遗址依然清晰可辨
This ancient site of human habitation is cheek by jowl with the airport.
这个古老的人类居住地紧靠机场
So if you hear a roaring sound in the background,
如果你听到背景声里有轰鸣
that'll be the 3.45 to Bergen.
那是飞往卑尔根的三四五次航♥班♥
Over here, there are the foundations for seven long, rectangular buildings,
往前一点就是七个长方形的房♥屋地基
and these were built and used by the Vikings.
这些当初都是由维京人建造的
This would have been part of the main family quarters.
这里应该是住家的重要部分
Along here, there would have been
沿着这里...应该有一个
wooden-topped benches for sitting on and sleeping on,
木制的长凳...人可以坐在上面躺在上面
on either side, a central hearth.
其中一边会有一个居中的炉灶
That's one of those planes I was talking about.
这就是我刚刚提到的航♥班♥
It would have been quite dark in here, quite smoky.
这里的光线应该很暗，烟很大
Then, at the far end, there's a corn-drying room,
在房♥子的远端会有一间烘干谷物的房♥间
where there would have been heat that would have dried the crop for storage.
收割下来谷物在那里被加热烘干后储存
And then at the far end, the archaeologists found burnt stone,
考古学家们还在那里发现石块被烘烤的痕迹
so it suggests there might even have been a primitive sauna in use here.
因而推测这里还有过原始的桑拿房♥
Often across the Viking world, we discovered burials, treasure,
在发掘维京古墓时经常看到的是陪葬品和财宝
or the remains of warriors.
或者战士的遗骸
But on Shetland, there are relics of more ordinary lives,
而这次在设德兰岛上，更多的却是...
of Viking farmers and craftsmen.
属于普通的维京农夫和手工业者的(器物)
It's a fantastic piece, as you can see, it's lovely.
这件东西太棒了，非常可爱
It was found in a peat bog.
这东西是在泥炭沼里发现的
You'll see there's a hook shape on the handle there.
你看...这东西的柄上有个钩状的东西
The reason for that is that the thing was used in a boat,
因为这件东西是船上...
and you are bailing water
用来舀水的
Oh, it's a bailer, right.
哦...这是个勺子对吗?
Yeah, that's right.
对的
It would be all too easy just to let the thing shoot out of your hand
这东西很容易从手中滑落
and it might plop into the sea.
掉进海里