维京史话（2012）

on the monastery at Lindisfarne.
目标是...林迪斯法恩的修道院
They hacked most of the monks to death
他们处死了大部分修道士
and stole the unguarded religious treasures.
偷走了不设防的宗教宝藏
It was the 9/11 moment for Anglo-Saxon Britain.
这对于不列颠的盎格鲁-撒克逊人来说这不啻于一次911
Things could never be the same again.
相同的事情没有再重演
From that moment, monks and nuns living in monasteries
从那时起住在海岸附近修道院里修道士和修女们
all around the coastline had to accept the threat of terror attacks.
不得不面对恐怖袭击的威胁
Murder, enslavement, all of it,
杀戮，奴役或者所有的厄运
could come at them from just beyond the horizon.
随时可能出现在不远处的地平线上
The unprecedented violence of this raid
这次袭击带来的前所未有暴行
seared itself into the nation's psyche.
炙烤着这个国家的灵魂
For all their other endeavours,
正是诸如此类的劫掠，
it's raids like this for which they've been remembered.
让维京人被人所铭记
But the brutal attack on Lindisfarne
而发生在林迪斯法恩的袭击
was just the beginning.
仅仅是个开始
In 865AD, a combined alliance of around 3,000 Vikings,
公元八六五年，一伙为数三千人来自丹麦的维京人
mostly Danes, arrived on English soil.
踏上英格兰的土地
Their aim wasn't trade, or another attack.
他们来此的目的不是做买♥♥卖♥♥也不是抢劫
It was conquest of the whole of England.
而是…夺取整个英格兰
At a time when a band of 30 men was routinely described as an army,
当三十个维京人都被称作是一支军队时
this was truly a force to be reckoned with.
这样(三千人)的队伍是真的要认真应对了
The Anglo-Saxons called it The Great Heathen Army,
盎格鲁-撒克逊人把他们称作异教♥徒♥大军
and it wasn't just a raiding party, intent on slaves and gold.
这伙人的目标不仅是劫掠金银和奴隶了
The Great Heathen Army wanted everything.
异教♥徒♥大军旨在征服一切
And to get it, they would have to take on the Anglo-Saxons.
为了达到此目的，他们必须先打败盎格鲁-撒克逊人
The conquest of England would be a task far greater
征服英格兰要比维京人
than anything the Vikings had ever attempted before.
之前完成的任何一个任务都要宏大的多
England was divided into four powerful, well-organised kingdoms.
英格兰分♥裂♥成四个强大而组织严密的王国
Northumbria, East Anglia,
诺林伯利亚...东安格利亚
Mercia and Wessex.
麦西亚...和威赛克斯
To succeed, the Vikings would have to defeat them all.
维京人需要击败全部四个国家才能取得胜利
After a few brutal years of fighting,
经过数年的血腥战斗
and the deaths of the Northumbrian and East Anglian kings,
在攻陷了诺林伯利亚和东安格利亚之后
in 873, the Vikings turned to the very heart of England.
维京人在公元八七三年夺取了英格兰的中心地带
When The Great Heathen Army arrived here in Repton,
当异教♥徒♥大军到达雷普顿时
they'd come to take Mercia.
他们是来攻打麦西亚的
Now Repton's small and out of the way today,
当今的雷普顿是个远离交通要道的小镇
but 1,000 years ago, it was the most important town in Mercia.
而一千年前这里则是麦西亚最重要的城市
And Mercia was the second most powerful kingdom in all of England.
麦西亚当时在英格兰是排名第二的强国
When the Vikings descended on Repton,
维京人兵临雷普顿
they transformed the sacred church of St Wystan into a centre of operations.
他们把圣.威斯坦教堂改成了运作中心
The tower doesn't look very tall from the ground.
从外面看这塔并不高
But it is. I can assure you!
实际上很高…我保证!
It was a huge step along the way to controlling the whole of England.
这是维京人朝着占领整个英格兰迈出的一大步
Well, there you go.
好…看这边
The whole of the Trent Valley laid out before us.
整个塔兰托山谷在我面前展开
Stretching right off into the haze on the horizon.
一直延伸到地平线的薄雾中
If you look down just beyond the graveyard,
顺着那里的墓地的方向看
you can see a stretch of water.
小河往那边延伸
And that's a relic of a much older course of the River Trent.
那个是很久之前塔兰托河道的遗迹
And it's right there that the Vikings would have pulled up in their ships,
应该就是在那个地方 维京人把船拖出水...
come out onto the bank,
在河岸登陆
to set about the business of takeover.
然后接管了城池
And you can see why Repton mattered to them.
你能明白为什么雷普顿对于维京人这么重要
From up here on the tower, you feel like the master of all you survey.
站在塔顶…你会觉得自己就是这里的主宰
And the Vikings, great strategists that they were,
维京人作为出色的军事家
they realised that Repton was the key that would unlock Mercia for them.
他们意识到雷普顿是打开麦西亚大门钥匙
In the churchyard,
教堂庭院里
archaeologists have found remnants of the Vikings' fortress.
考古学家发现了维京人堡垒的遗迹
This is a map of the excavations that were done around the church in the 1980s.
这是上世纪八十年代教堂进行考古发掘时的地图
Look at the genius of what's going on here.
来看看这些天才是怎么干的？
We've got a D-shaped enclosure
我们看到城墙的三边建成D形
with a fourth side created by a river.
而把小河当做其城墙的第四边
And, great tacticians that they were,
维京人是伟大的战术家
the Vikings here have even employed the Christian church
维京人甚至把基♥督♥教堂…
and turned it into a defensive gateway into their fortress.
改造成了进出堡垒的防御通道
Genius!
天才!
The Vikings even used the Christian graveyard
维京人甚至把教堂庭院…
to bury their own, pagan dead.
当做埋葬自己这些异教♥徒♥的墓地
This is where archaeological evidence
就是在这里发现的考古证据
brings us face-to-face with the men of The Great Heathen Army.
让我们能与这些异教♥徒♥大军面对面
Just here is grave number eight.
这里就是八号♥坟墓
That's one of the most important Viking graves ever found in Britain.
这是迄今为止在不列颠找到的 最重要的维京人墓地之一
I must be just about standing on the spot.
我现在站的位置一定就是墓地的所在
Just about here. Imagine that!
就是在这里了
Right here, archaeologists discovered the remains
就是在这里，考古学家发现了...
of a six-foot-tall skeleton.
一具六英尺高的骸骨
A quintessential Viking warrior.
这是位维京人战士中的精英
He was buried in the pagan style,
他被以异教♥徒♥方式的埋葬
with his most precious possessions,
陪葬品是他生前最珍贵的财产
preserved today at the Derby Museum.
这些东西现在被保存在德比博物馆
These are some of the most important things
这些是其中最重要的几件
that the Repton Warrior was buried with.
都是雷普顿武士的陪葬品
The Viking belief dictated that
维京人的信仰是这样的...
whatever you needed and wanted in the next life
一个人来生所需要的物品
had to go into the ground with you.
都要随着他的遗体陪葬
First of all, you've got the perfect weapon.
首先，你会需要完美的兵器
Which is not just giving him the ability to fight,
兵器不仅是在战斗中使用的工具
but it says something about who he is in life.
还能显示主人生前的身份
Now, it's no ordinary warrior that's armed like this.
普通维京战士的兵器不会是这样的
The vast majority are armed with something that's quite simple
绝大部分人的兵器相当简单
and cheap to make, like axes.
而且便宜…就像斧子
A sword is of a different order of magnitude.
而宝剑则完全是另一个数量级的
You feel as if you're looking at the iron blade, but you're not.
你以为你看到的是铁的剑身…但不是
The brown colour is deceiving.
深褐色其实是种伪装
This is actually an iron sword in a scabbard.
这其实是套在铁剑外的剑鞘
It's a wooden scabbard
剑鞘是木头的
with a fleece lining to protect the blade,
里面有羊毛的内衬保护刀刃
and then on the outside, there's a leather casing.
而外边有皮套
So a man on the battlefield with a sword
佩戴着这种宝剑上战场的人
is already someone you would notice.
就已经会引起别人注意了
But a man with a sword and a scabbard is another step up again.
而如果这位戴着宝剑再加上剑鞘…则又更进了一步
So this man was clearly a leader amongst his own kind.
因而这个人显然是维京武士中的首领
A sword is always an impressive thing to see,
宝剑固然令人印象深刻
but for me, it's just as affecting
而尤令我感到感动的是…
and moving to see the other items that he wanted with him.
另外一件他想带着前往来世的物品
This is a little silver hammer.
这是一把小银鎚
The Repton Warrior was wearing this around his neck
它戴在雷普顿武士的脖子上
in the same way that a Christian would wear a cross.
就像基♥督♥徒戴着十字架一样
It's connecting him physically to the god Thor.
这样使他能和托奥神相沟通
Thor is one of the big three Old Norse gods,
托奥是古代北欧(神话)中三大主神之一
and he was definitely the soldier's, the warrior's, friend.
当然也是士兵和武士的朋友
They felt that Thor understood them.
士兵们觉得托奥能理解他们
Thor was armed with a legendary hammer called Mjolnir,
托奥的武器是一柄传说中的鎚--Mjolnir
and with it, Thor could level mountains.
鎚的威力足够劈开一座山
For a man like the Repton Warrior,
对于象雷普顿武士这样的人来说
everything about him was building to one ideal conclusion.
他所有的一切都是为了能有一个理想的结局
He wanted a heroic death on the battlefield
他想要在战场上英雄般战死
that would guarantee him access to the next world, which for him was Valhalla,
这样他就能够前往阴间--瓦尔哈拉殿堂
which was a place where he would fight all day with other heroes
在那里他能够和其他英雄并肩作战
and then feast all night.
一起欢宴
It was the perfect Viking heaven.
这是维京人完美的天堂
For the Anglo-Saxons, this is the worst-case scenario,
而对于盎格鲁-撒克逊人，这可是个天大的噩耗
because it's in the Viking mindset to fight to the death.
因为维京人的意图就是要奋战至死
And it's a horde of men who think like this that the Anglo-Saxons here had to face.
而盎格鲁-撒克逊人必须面对的就是这么一群人
East Anglia, Northumbria, and finally, Mercia,
东英吉利…诺林伯利亚…最后是麦西亚
all fell into the hands of the Danes.
都落入丹麦人之手
Only King Alfred's kingdom, Wessex, withstood the onslaught.
只有阿尔弗雷德的威赛克斯王国抗住了攻击
But even he wasn't quite strong enough to drive them out completely.
即便如此，威赛克斯王国也没法把维京人全部逐出
So eventually, a peace treaty was agreed,
最终他们签署了和平协定