维京史话（2012）

And his legacy was much more than constructions like this.
他留给后世的也不仅是这样的堡垒
He changed his country for ever
他永远地改变了他的国家
and he did that by converting his people to the modern religion called Christianity.
他让他的臣民们皈依了现代的宗教—基♥督♥教
Since the end of the Roman Empire,
从始于罗马帝国末期
Christianity had dominated religious life right across mainland Europe.
基♥督♥教逐渐成为欧洲大♥陆♥的主流宗教
Scandinavia was the last outpost of the old pagan ways.
斯堪的纳维亚是仅剩的还流行着异教的地区
But not for long.
不过不会很久了
At one of Denmark's oldest towns, Ribe,
里伯是丹麦最古老的城镇之一
archaeologists are making some startling discoveries.
考古学家们有了令人惊奇的发现
Graves of some of Scandinavia's very first Christians.
斯堪的纳维亚最早的基♥督♥徒的墓葬
I spent most of my years digging on prehistoric sites,
我毕生致力于发掘史前遗迹
so it's genuinely remarkable for me to see...
当到如此清晰可辨的遗体时
such obvious remains in the ground.
我由衷地感到不同凡响
You can see the clear outlines of the graves,
坟墓的轮廓清晰可辨
you can even see the remains of the coffins.
甚至可以看到棺材痕迹
What is it about the skeletons that says these are Christians?
怎么说明这具骨架是一位基♥督♥徒的呢？
They are all, er...
他们都是...
east-west burials, with the skull in the west end facing east,
头东脚西方向面向东方安葬的
as the Christian doctrine says.
因为基♥督♥教教义上说
You should face the upgoing sun on the Judgement Day.
审判日时你要面对东升的朝阳
So when the trumpet sounds, Jesus comes back...
当号♥声响起时，耶稣重新降临人间...
And they rise from the grave, facing east.
死者会从坟墓中起身，面向东方
They're facing the direction he's coming from.
他们要面对耶稣到来的方向
The oldest ones are carbon dated to around 850.
碳同位素显示，最早的墓葬是公元八五零年的
That is actually some of the oldest Christian graves in Scandinavia.
事实上这是斯堪的纳维亚最古老的基♥督♥教墓葬
So right early on in the Viking age,
也就是说早在维京时期
you've got Christian Viking burials here.
这里的基♥督♥教墓葬已经在这了
So, in terms of official Danish history that children learn at school,
孩子们在学校里所学的丹麦历史
these finds here change that quite significantly.
会因为这些发现而产生显著改变
We actually now have a prolonged Christian period,
实际上基♥督♥教在这里的存在年代
much longer than we first thought,
比我们本来想的要久远的多
meaning that pagans and Christians lived alongside each other
也就是说异教和基♥督♥教曾经共存...
maybe for 200 years until Christianity completely took over.
有两百年之久，直至基♥督♥教完全取而代之
The Vikings here were some of the very first to adopt the new religion.
似乎这里的维京人是(斯堪的纳维亚)最早皈依新宗教的人
But it appears that these first Viking Christians still hung on
然而这些最早的基♥督♥徒们似乎仍然...
to their traditional maritime burial rites.
保持着维京人海葬的仪式
And then we have all these rivets, set alongside the coffin.
我们发现棺材旁边有这么多铆钉
Yes, they are big as well,
是的，这些铆钉很大
they're big pieces of metal.
好大件的金属
Yes, we hope to find out if this is part of the boat.
是啊，我们希望可以确定这些铆钉是否来自船上
So you might have within a Christian burial, the suggestion of a boat burial,
也就是说基♥督♥徒的墓葬中有船葬的迹象
or being buried with part of a boat.
或者说是和船的一部分葬在一起
Yes, of course, being Christian in these early stages didn't mean
当然，并非这些最早期的基♥督♥教♥徒♥
that you should abandon all your old practices.
就完全抛弃所有的旧习俗
So they may still be paying homage to Thor and Odin.
他们可能仍然效忠于托奥和奥丁
But when it suited, they would just pray to Jesus.
而合适的时候，他们会向耶稣祷告
It's amazing to think that these people weren't just Vikings,
有意思的是这些不仅是维京人...
and the product of the Viking tradition,
和维京传统的产物
but they were Christian at the same time.
他们同时也具备了基♥督♥教的成分
Excavating these graves is like turning a bright light onto a few pages of history.
这些墓葬的发掘就像是为维京历史点亮了一盏明灯
They illuminate the moment when the Vikings are no longer just
说明维京世界已不再偏居于
part of their own private Scandinavian world.
斯堪的纳维亚而孤立于世界之外了
They're becoming part of a much bigger picture,
他们将成为整个大画卷的一部分
they're joining something more modern, more European,
他们即将加入世界更为现代化和欧洲化
and the catalyst for that is Christianity.
而其催化剂就是基♥督♥教
All over Scandinavia, Vikings began to turn to the new god.
整个斯堪的纳维亚地区的维京人都开始转而信奉上帝
And their conversion would signal the beginning of the end of the Viking age.
而这种转变的发生也标志着维京时代的终结
This religious revolution was endorsed around 970,
这场宗教革命大概始于公元九七零年
when Denmark's King, Harald Bluetooth,
丹麦国王“蓝牙”哈拉尔德
made Christianity his country's official religion.
正式将基♥督♥教定为国教
From here on in, all Danes were expected to worship Christ.
他希望丹麦人从今往后都转而信仰基♥督♥
And to celebrate the moment,
为了庆祝这一时刻
Harald Bluetooth installed a huge stone monument.
哈拉尔国王德建造一座石头纪念碑
Today, it's one of Denmark's most precious national treasures.
这里是丹麦最为珍贵的国家宝藏之一
Because all the tourists have gone,
因为游客都已经离去
I've been allowed inside for some privileged access.
我被允许进入里面享受一次特权
The stone once upon a time was brightly painted -
曾几何时，这块石头是涂着色彩的
red, white and blue, as it happens.
红色、白色偶尔还有蓝色
But 1,000 years of weathering and winter have faded it,
但一千多年来的风化和严冬使之退了色
so that it's very indistinct now.
现在的颜色非常模糊不清
Now, I'll grant you, it's almost impossible to make it out,
我承认现在几乎不可能辨认出来
but what you are in fact looking at is this image here.
实际上这个图案就是石头上的
It's Jesus Christ emerging from within a thorn bush.
画的是耶稣基♥督♥现身荆棘从中
And it's interpreted as a representation of Christianity itself,
人们认为这幅图可以解读为...
disentangling itself from amongst the thorns of the old pagan beliefs.
基♥督♥教从古老异教信仰的荆棘从中脱颖而出
This is actually the first page of a modern Danish passport,
实际上这个图案就印在现在丹麦护照的第一页上
so that this image is alive and relevant for Danes even today.
这个图案对于丹麦人来说至今还是充满活力的
The story goes that before his conversion, King Harald witnessed a divine miracle.
传说在哈拉尔德皈依基♥督♥教之前曾目击了一次神迹
A moment commemorated in some early Christian art.
在一些早期的基♥督♥教艺术作品中纪念了这个故事
Here, on these gilded plates, set into the altar.
这些是嵌在祭坛上的金箔
In this one, you can see a priest performing a miracle.
这片上面的图案是一个牧师正在创造着奇迹
He can extend his hand into the fire
他把手伸进火里
and then withdraw it, apparently unhurt,
然后再收回来显然没有被烧伤
although he does seem to be wearing a giant oven glove.
当然他好像戴着巨大的防火手套
Then, in this one, we have Harald himself, a fine figure of a man,
而这里画的是风度翩翩的哈拉尔德国王本人
being baptised while standing up to his waist in a barrel.
他正站在齐腰高的桶里接受洗礼
This is all very nice,
图案非常完美
but you can see it as PR spin,
但你可以视之为公♥关♥宣传
stories to please the masses,
是用来取悦大众的故事
because Harald's conversion to Christianity,
因为哈拉尔德国王皈依基♥督♥教一事
more than anything else, was a calculated political move.
毫无疑问都是一次精心计算的政♥治♥举动
Christianity wasn't just a belief - it was a social and political institution.
基♥督♥教不仅是一个信仰—它还是一个社会和政♥治♥机构
It dominated every other kingdom in Europe.
它统治着欧洲所有的国家
And Harald Bluetooth knew that joining the club
“蓝牙”哈拉尔德知道加入了这个俱乐部
would give him protection from aggressive neighbours.
将使他的国家免受其强大邻居的入侵
Because no other Christian ruler could now claim a legitimate right to attack him.
因为占领基♥督♥教袍泽的领地是不合教规的
The land to the south of Denmark was ruled by Otto the Great,
奥托大帝丹麦南方的土地统治着丹麦南面的土地
Duke of Saxony, King of Germany and Italy, and Holy Roman Emperor.
他是萨克斯公爵、日耳曼和意大利国王、神圣罗马帝国皇帝
And he wanted to add Denmark to his list of territorial acquisitions.
奥托也想把丹麦的国土置于自己的统治之下
But Harald's conversion made that impossible, because now the Danes,
但是哈拉尔德的皈依使得吞并丹麦的野心成为妄想
like everyone else, were protected by the one true God.
因为丹麦人也和他一样都受着同一天主的庇护
And that wasn't all.
不仅如此
Christianity also helped Harald to rule as a king, and all because of this -
基♥督♥教还帮助哈拉尔德国王巩固了国王的统治地位
the Bible.
因为这个—圣经
Christianity gave kings a divine right to rule under a single god.
基♥督♥教赋予国王们在同一天主(护佑下)统治国家的神权
The days when a brave warrior might rise to fight alongside the old gods
勇士奋起反抗推♥翻♥旧君主
through epic earthly adventures was over.
创造史诗般传奇的年代已经一去不返了
For those being ruled, Christianity would change their lives for ever,
对于被统治者来说，基♥督♥教将永远改变他们的生活
because conversion to the one true God struck
一神信仰对维京人内心本质
at the very heart of all that it had meant to be a Viking.
产生了巨大的冲击
Seeing the benefits of Harald's conversion,
看到了哈拉尔德皈依的巨大好处
other Viking rulers started to follow suit.
其他维京统治者们也争相仿效
Within just 100 years,
一个世纪之内
most of Scandinavia was officially Christian.
大部分斯堪的纳维亚人都正式成为了基♥督♥徒
And as their ancient pagan roots were left behind...
古老的维京异教信仰被抛弃了
..the modern nation-states of Denmark, Norway and Sweden were being born.
新的民族国家——丹麦、挪威和瑞典由此诞生了
Christianity was central to that modern world.
基♥督♥教是这个新世界的中心
The King was Christian.
国王是基♥督♥徒
The trading partners all across Europe were Christian.
遍布欧洲的贸易伙伴都是基♥督♥徒
Christianity also dictated that the old pagan beliefs were to be stamped out,
教廷还下令消灭原先的异教信仰
not just in Denmark, but all across the Viking world.
不仅在丹麦，而是遍及整个维京世界
In Norway, edicts were issued,
在挪威，颁布法令
banning the performance of spells to awaken trolls -
禁止举♥行♥仪式召唤巨怪
strict no-no.
这是被严厉禁止
I'll get that, please.
我要这个
There was also a raft of new laws.
还有大量类似的法令
Perfect. Meat could only be eaten on certain days.
(一个月里)只有在特定的几天里可以吃肉
Rules for married life even dictated when you could and couldn't have sex.
还有法令规定一个月中哪几天可以有性♥爱♥
The old pagan gods had been like friends.
原先异教中的神就象是平等的朋友
Provided you made your sacrifices,
如果你献上祭品