维京史话（2012）

Dublin was one of the Vikings' most important bases
都柏林是维京人最重要的基地之一
and Ireland's very first town.
也是爱尔兰的第一座城市
It's often thought that the Vikings came here
人们通常认为维京人来此...
to raid gold and silver treasures from Irish monasteries.
是为了劫掠爱尔兰修道院里的金银财宝
But it turns out that the engine behind the Vikings expansion into Ireland
但事实证明驱动着维京人扩张到爱尔兰的动力
was that oh, so important human commodity -
其实是种重要的人类商品
slaves.
奴隶
In here is evidence of what the Vikings came here for.
这里的证据就揭示了维京人来此的目的
Part of what Dublin was all about.
都柏林的一些地方到处都是这东西
These are slave collars and chains made of iron.
这些是铁制的奴隶项圈和链条
You can imagine the discomfort, never mind the humiliation,
你能想象戴着这东西有多不舒服
of having something like this placed around your neck with a chain attached.
更别说在脖子上戴这么个东西还有链条栓着有多耻辱了
The going rate for a male slave at the time was 12 ounces of silver.
那时一个男性♥奴♥隶的售价是十二盎司的白银
And a woman could be had for eight ounces of silver.
而一个女性♥奴♥隶则值八盎司
There were even different kinds of chains and collars
对付不同的俘虏
for different classes of captives.
甚至还有不同类型的链条和项圈
Look at this.
看看这个
It's hard to use terms like "luxury item" in relation to a slave collar and chain,
奴隶戴的项圈和链条通常很难和"奢华"联♥系♥起来
but everything about it seems to speak
但脖子上戴着这个项圈的奴隶
to the status of the person whose neck it was once around.
似乎配的上这个词
It's nothing less than ornate,
用华丽来形容豪不为过
quite a lot of work has gone into making this look
工匠花了很多的功夫让这东西看起来...
like the kind of collar you would put round an expensive neck.
就和戴在贵妇脖子上的昂贵项圈别无二致
So perhaps this was briefly worn around the neck of an Irish king
因而这东西可能是给(被俘的)爱尔兰国王戴的…
before his ransom was paid
直到交清赎金被释放
or he agreed to some specific set of terms.
或者同意签订一些特别的条约
And it's harrowing to think a city owes its foundation,
如果一座城市的存在和发展
its existence, at least in part,
哪怕在一定程度上…
to one civilisation's appetite for buying and selling human beings.
源自一个文明对人口买♥♥卖♥♥的需求时 那是很让人悲伤的
Dublin quickly grew into one of the largest slave markets in Europe,
都柏林很快崛起为欧洲最大的奴隶市场之一
attracting merchants from all across the continent.
它吸引了来自五湖四海的商人们
In 871, it was reported that 200 ships arrived
据记载，公元八七一年有两百艘
packed with Angles, Britons and Picts.
满载着盎格鲁，不列颠和皮科特奴隶的船来往于此
This was organised human trafficking
这是有组织的非法买♥♥卖♥♥人口
on a scale that even bears comparison
其规模甚至能和...
with the early years of the slave trade to the Americas, almost 1,000 years later.
一千多年后美洲拓荒早期的奴隶买♥♥卖♥♥相提并论
Incredibly, the remains of some of the very early pioneers
难以置信的是，考古学家发现了
who came to seek their fortune in the slave trade have been found.
一些早期的奴隶贩子的遗物
Archaeologist Lindsay Simpson has recently examined four skeletons
考古学家琳赛.辛普森最近检验了四具…
on the site of the original Dublin settlement.
在都柏林定居点原址发现的遗骸
How can you tell that this is a Viking and not a local?
怎么能确认这是维京人而不是本地人的骨骼呢？
Yes, very good question.
是，这是很好的问题
Well, we knew by the way that he was buried, is the short answer.
简而言之，结论来自他被安葬的形式
He wasn't buried in a Christian burial, as an Irish person would be.
他不是以基♥督♥教的方式安葬的，不像爱尔兰人那样
He's a pagan, he was buried with grave goods, which is not something
他是个异教♥徒♥，他有陪葬品
that happens with Irish people who are Christian.
而信奉基♥督♥教的爱尔兰人不会这样
Based on his skeleton, what do you think he looked like in life?
从他的骨骼分♥析♥…你觉得他生前是什么样的
He was probably five foot nine,
他身高约五英尺九英寸
which is very big for that time.
以那个时代的人中算是高个子了
You can see that his bones are really quite enormous.
你看他的骨骼相当粗壮
And when you look down at his legs,
你看他的腿骨
his legs are incredibly powerful.
腿骨异常强健有力
The upper shoulder here, you can see the strong lines
他上臂这里有一条明显的痕迹
where the ligaments have actually worn a groove in the bones.
这是他的韧带在骨骼上磨出的痕迹
Is that happening during hard physical work?
这是繁重的体力劳动造成的吗？
This has happened through rotation movement.
这是挥动手臂造成的
So a big part of his daily life involved some kind of
因而他日常生活很多时间...
rotational, repetitive movement.
手臂要做转动和往复的运动
So this could be either sword fighting or it could be from rowing.
他要么常挥剑战斗要么常划桨
Cos they would have been doing an awful lot of rowing.
因为维京人一直要划桨...
It's always amazing to me that all of that hard work -
有趣的是…所有这些重体力活
rowing, swinging a sword, it's all written into the bones.
划桨…挥剑，都在骨骼上留下了痕迹
Everything you do with your skeleton is reflected at the end of the day.
你生前如何使用骨骼都会在你死后反映出来
And he was a very bulky, stocky, scary guy.
他生前身材高大…肌肉发达…面目凶恶
You would not want to meet this individual,
你肯定不想和这样的人做对
especially not when he had all his paraphernalia with him.
尤其是当他戴着全副装备之时
It's clear that, just like the Swedish Vikings in Russia,
显然，和在俄♥罗♥斯♥的瑞典维京人一样
many of the Norwegian Vikings who came here didn't go home again,
很多来到挪威维京人没有再返回家乡
but decided to settle.
而是选择在这里安家
With Dublin established as a thriving base,
随着都柏林的兴起
the Vikings of Norway began to settle more widely,
来自挪威的维京人开始在更大范围内安家
over large parts of Ireland, much of Scotland,
在爱尔兰的大部分地区，还扩展到了苏格兰
the Isle of Man and coastal Wales.
马恩岛还有威尔士沿岸
Dublin was the centre of this vast and expanding sea kingdom.
都柏林曾是这片广阔的海洋王国的中心
It commanded the Irish Sea
它掌控着爱尔兰海...
as well as the sea routes headed north to Scotland,
还有北去往苏格兰
south to Wales and east to England.
南去威尔士...东到英格兰的海路
From this frontier town, the Norsemen commanded it all.
坐镇在这座前沿城市的维京人掌控着这一切
But the Vikings weren't content with just controlling the sea routes
但是他们并不仅仅满足于控制海路
and settling barren land.
和安家在贫瘠的土地上
They had much greater ambitions.
他们野心远不止于此
A vast Viking trade network from Russia to Ireland
从俄♥罗♥斯♥延伸到爱尔兰的这个庞大贸易网络
had led to increasingly widespread Viking settlement.
使得维京人殖民点的的分布越来越广
But there was one more prize that lay right on their doorstep.
而在他们家门口就有一件(天赐的)奖品
England.
英格兰
The trouble was, though, that unlike the great wilderness of Russia
麻烦的是…不像地广人稀的俄♥罗♥斯♥
or the tribal lands of Ireland,
或者部落统治的爱尔兰
the valuable, golden land of England
英格兰是宝贵的黄金国度
already had some well-organised sitting tenants.
已经有组织良好的老住户了
The Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁-撒克逊人
Leaving Dublin behind, I've come to Oxford,
离开了都柏林，我又前往牛津
once part of Wessex, the most powerful of all England's kingdoms.
这里曾经是英格兰最强大的威塞克斯王国的一部分
And it's here that
就在这里
one of the greatest treasures of the age can be seen.
我们将会见到那个时代最伟大的珍宝
An Anglo-Saxon masterpiece.
一件盎格鲁-撒克逊杰作
This is the Alfred Jewel.
这是阿尔弗雷德之宝
It's so irreplaceably valuable that I'm not even allowed to touch it.
它如此价值连城…任何人都不允许触摸
Which, frankly, given the price on it, is a relief!
坦率说它的价值完全值得上
This once belonged to Alfred the Great, King of 9th-century Wessex.
这件宝物曾属于九世纪时威塞克斯王国的阿尔弗雷德大帝
The most powerful man in all of Britain.
他是当时英格兰最有权力的人
It's made of gold and enamel and crystal.
它是由黄金珐琅和水晶制成的
But, more impressive than the raw materials, by far,
而远比这些原料令人心动的是...
is the artistry that's gone into making it.
制♥作♥这件宝物所展现的高超技艺
So finely worked, and it terminates
做工如此精美…它的一端是
in this weird and wonderful head of a beast.
一个漂亮而怪异的兽首
There's been a lot of theory over the years about what it was for.
关于这件宝物的用处多年来有过不少的争论
Could it be a centrepiece for a headdress, making it a crown jewel?
是戴在王冠上的的饰品？
Could it have been worn as a pendant on a chain around someone's neck?
是国王脖子上的挂件吗？
The abiding theory now is it's the handle of a pointer.
目前比较流行的意见是… 这是一个指针的柄
It would have been a little piece
可能有一小段…
of maybe worked ivory, something suitably glamorous,
加工过的漂亮象牙…
in the mouth of the beast.
含在怪兽的口中
And then it could be used to point out lines and words on an illuminated manuscript
这东西可能是用来指点"泥金写本"上的文字的
that was itself too valuable to be touched.
稿本本身就十分珍贵而不能用手接触
This was made for King Alfred.
这是为了阿尔弗雷德打造的
The letters around it say,
兽首周边的文字刻着
"Alfred ordered me to be made."
奉阿尔弗雷德之命打造
And right here, in this tiny object,
就是这么件小小的东西
is a powerful statement of wealth
却象征着倾国之富…
and authority and commitment to learning.
无上权威和学富五车
And you can only imagine what it did
你能够想象...
in the hearts and minds of Vikings,
当维京人知道在这里有这么件宝物
when they knew that objects like this
而他们有机会将其占为己有时
were here and that they could get their hands on them.
他们会怎么想...
Around 50 years after the foundation of Staraya Ladoga,
在斯塔亚.拉多加建立后大约五十年
and 50 years before the birth of Alfred,
而在阿尔弗雷德国王出生前五十年
the British had their first taste of the Vikings.
不列颠和维京人有了第一次接触
On the 8th of June 793,
公元七九三年六月八日
the peace of the Northumbrian coast was shattered.
诺森伯兰海岸的平静被打破了
A band of Vikings launched a surprise attack
一群维京人发动了突然袭击