与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S05E07

Part 2 April 19, 2021, 3:03 p.m.

量子力学中充斥着你能想象到的
Quantum mechanics is full of the strangest things
各种奇怪的事
you can imagine.
一个粒子所处的位置的概念
The concept of a particle being at one point,
在量子力学中变得非常模糊
that becomes a very fuzzy concept in quantum mechanics.
亚原子粒子不同于任何
Subatomic particles are unlike anything
你肉眼可以看到的物体
you can see with your naked eye.
如果没人观察，它们会变得非常模糊
They become fuzzy when no one looks at them.
它们有时会无中生有
Sometimes they can appear out of nowhere...
然后又突然消失
and then suddenly vanish.
这些出现又消失的粒子
Some of these appearing and disappearing particles...
传递着基本自然力
...transmit the fundamental forces of nature --
电磁力、强力、
electromagnetism, the strong force,
弱力，和可能存在的引力
the weak force, and, supposedly, gravity.
我有一个高尔夫球
I have here a golf ball.
假设它代表了一个光子
The golf ball represents a photon.
光子是电磁力的载体
The photon is the carrier of the electromagnetic force.
通过电荷，电磁力使物质
The electromagnetic force attracts or repels
互相吸引或排斥
anything with an electric charge.
另有一些高尔夫球
The next golf balls --
代表W和Z波色子
these represent the W and the Z boson.
W和Z波色子
The W and the Z boson --
是弱相互作用的载体
these are the carriers of the weak nuclear interaction.
弱力使得
The weak force causes
放射性原子的原子核
the nucleus of a radioactive atom
发生破碎
to break apart.
接下来的高尔夫球，代表了胶子
The next golf ball -- it represents the gluon.
胶子是强相互作用的载体
The gluon is the carrier of the strong nuclear interaction.
强力使得粒子组合在一起
The strong force binds particles together
形成原子核
to form an atomic nucleus.
引力也应该由一种粒子所承载
Gravity should also be carried by a particle,
但还没有人发现所谓的引力子
but no one has ever observed this so-called graviton.
事实上，当物理学家尝试计算
In fact, when physicists try to calculate
引力子理论上如何运作时
how the theoretical graviton might work,
他们很快就陷入了数学困境之中
they quickly get lost in impossible math.
不幸的是，引力是这些计算中
Gravity, unfortunately, is one of our most complicated theories
最为复杂的理论之一
in the way it interacts.
原因是当你在做这些计算时
And what happens is as you do these calculations,
很快就会遇到一些公式
very quickly you start encountering expressions
这个世界上还没有计算机
which no computer in the world,
或者说所有的计算机
or all the world's computer --
都不能满足计算的需要
they couldn't possibly do those calculations.
但兹维还有一个办法
But Zvi has a trick up his sleeve
能够计算引力子是否存在
to calculate whether or not the graviton exists.
量子理论，就像迷你高尔夫一样，是一个概率的游戏
Quantum theory, like mini golf, is a game of probability.
一杆进洞是非常困难的
Trying to hit a hole-in-one is difficult.
高尔夫球有很多种运行方式
There are so many ways the ball could go.
如果多杆击球
But break up the hole into smaller pieces,
事情就会变得容易得多了
and things are much more manageable.
和一些同事一起
Together, with some colleagues,
我们开♥发♥出了称作“幺正♥法♥”的方法
we developed an idea that we called the Unitarity Method.
基本思路就是把这些大问题
And the basic idea of that is, you take the bigger problem
这些复杂的计算
of these interactions, these complications,
分解成小的部分
and then you chop it into smaller pieces.
然后通过解决这些小问题
And then, by solving the smaller problems
将结果整合，就能得到
and assembling it, you can do a lot better than
比你一次解决整个问题更好的结果
if you were just trying to solve the whole problem at once.
当兹维和他的同事
When Zvi and his colleagues
使用幺正♥法♥计算引力子时
applied their Unitarity Method to gravitons,
出来了一个意外的结果
an unexpected result came back.
我们发现
What we discovered about the graviton
引力子可以精确的
is that, in a very precise way,
用两个胶子的复♥制♥来解释
it can be interpreted as two copies of gluons.
胶子通过强力
Which binds the nuclei of atoms together
稳定原子核的结构
through the strong force.
但兹维和他的同事认为
But Zvi and his colleagues believed gluons
胶子也可以体现出引力
could also be responsible for gravity.
引力子可以是一对胶子
The graviton could actually be a pair of gluons.
一切都瞬间明了了
Everything became instantly clear,
就像有了新发现后喊出“找到了！”的时刻
like a moment of insight, the "Eureka!" moment.
这是我们的“找到了！”时刻
This is our "Eureka!" moment,
我们真正的了解了引力子
where -- where we really knew that we understood it.
计算结果的简单
And the fact that it came out that simple
的确让我们非常吃惊
really was the great surprise.
我们总怀疑简单可能就是真♥相♥
We always had suspicions that something like this was true.
而事实证明了的确就是这样
But that it -- it works as simply as it did --
我们仍感到非常惊讶
that was really the big surprise for us.
兹维的工作表明当苹果掉落
Zvi's work could mean that when an apple falls,
引力把苹果拉向地面
the gravity that pulls it down is just another manifestation
只是强力的表现
of the strong force.
维持微小的
The same force that holds
原子核结构稳定的强力
the nucleus of tiny atoms together
也同样可以将
could also be responsible for holding
巨大的天体维持在其运行轨道上
colossal celestial bodies in orbit.
如果是这样，宇宙就是胶子的汪♥洋♥
If so, the universe is awash in gluons,
以引力子的方式发挥作用
working together as gravitons.
每对胶子
Every time a pair of gluons
在巨型物体之间的交换
is exchanged between massive objects,
都会使得物体之间相互吸引
the objects move a little bit closer together.
有些科学家发现
Scientists are discovering
我们对引力的设想
that our assumptions about gravity
可能彻底错了
may be almost completely wrong.
引力的全新一面
A whole new side of gravity
正在等待我们的发掘
could be waiting to be discovered.
实际上我们马上就能发现物体向上掉落的现象
In fact, we may soon discover objects that fall up.
大多物理学家认为
Most physicists believe
引力只能将物体相互吸引
that gravity is a force that only attracts.
但宇宙学家最近发现
But cosmologists have recently discovered
星系之间似乎正在
that galaxies appear to be pushing each other apart
以与日俱增的速度互相排斥
at an ever increasing rate.
也许是时候要重新考虑
Perhaps it's time to reconsider
我们所了解的引力了
what we think we know about gravity.
德拉甘·哈杰度克维奇是一位物理学家
Dragan Hajdukovic is a physicist
就职于位于瑞士日内瓦的
at the European Center for Nuclear Research,
欧洲核子研究中心
or C.E.R.N., in Geneva, Switzerland.
但他最成功的工作是
But he does his best work when visiting
当他回到故乡——黑山共和国的时候
his home country of Montenegro.
德拉甘正趁此机会与老友叙旧
Dragan is using his time at home to catch up with old friends
同时设想出关于引力的新理论
and work out a new theory of gravity --
这就要涉及到宇宙中的危险物质
one that involves the dangerous material in the universe --
反物质
antimatter.
我用红苹果代表正物质
I have a red apple, which is made from matter,
蓝苹果代表反物质
and a blue one, which is made from antimatter.
幸运的是这并不是真的反物质
Fortunately, it's not a true antimatter.
但如果它是反物质，我们看会发生什么
But if we assume that it is, look what will happen.
很幸运
Fortunately for us,
反物质并未多到
there isn't enough antimatter in the vicinity of Earth
可以摧毁地球
to ever blow it up.
但德拉甘认为如果存在反物质
But Dragan thinks that if there were ever such a thing
比如反物质构成的苹果
as an antimatter apple,
它就会拥有不同的引力特性
it would have an unusual gravitational property.
反物质很可能是向上掉落的
It is quite possible that antimatter falls up.
德拉甘认为
Dragan suspects
反物质与正物质间相互排斥
that antimatter and matter repel each other,
反物质的这种性质
and that hidden pockets of antimatter
可能会将宇宙中的物质分开
could be responsible for pushing the universe apart.
物理学家使用“量子真空”
Physicists use the term "quantum vacuum"
来描述
to describe the space
填充在宇宙中的空间
that fills every corner of the cosmos.
不要被它的名字迷惑了
Don't let the name fool you.
量子真空具有强烈的微观活动
It's bubbling with microscopic activity.