与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S05E04

Part 4 April 19, 2021, 3:02 p.m.

这就像是瞬间发生的大爆♥炸♥
So it blows out like a big explosion all at once.
你要如何才能制止能在几秒钟之内
How do you fight pathogens that can spread around
传染全世界的病毒？
the world in seconds?
亚历克斯的团队试图建立一个全球数字防御系统
Alex's colleagues are trying to create a global digital defense,
类似于人类的免疫系统
similar to the human immune system,
程序代码像T细胞一样工作
bits of code that act like biological t-cells,
冲向病毒将它们隔离并消灭
swarming viruses to isolate and eliminate them.
不幸的是，聪明的黑客很善于
Unfortunately, clever hackers are getting better
创造无法被检出的病毒
at creating undetectable viruses.
在数字世界，病毒或恶意程序
In the digital world, viruses or malwares
在不断变化，这就很难通过
are constantly changing, so that it's not easy
编写某些运算程序来检测出病毒
to write an algorithm that detect them
并将病毒立即清除
and clean the machine right away.
特洛伊木马程序就被设计用来
Trojan horse malware is specifically designed
混进后台程序
to blend into the background
直到找到想要的目标
until it reaches its intended target.
一旦它侵入了某个重要系统
Once it invades a critical system, say,
比如核电站冷却棒的控制程序
the control software of cooling rods at a nuclear power plant,
它会潜伏数周或数月
it can lay dormant for weeks or months.
直到有一天突然激活
Then, one day, it activates.
这就是零日，这个新的恶意程序
This is day zero, and the new malware is going to
能够利用服务器的弱点
exploit the vulnerabilities of those servers.
隐藏在这里并在网络中不断复♥制♥
It can hide here or proliferate over the Internet,
最终将早已设计好的破坏性功能
and finally unleash all the damage
一下全部释放出来
it has been programmed for.
但还有更让人担忧的威胁
But there is an even more disturbing threat.
如果恐♥怖♥分♥子♥将恶意程序的特征
What if terrorists apply the principles of malware
应用到生物学病原上呢？
to biological pathogens?
假如某种生物学病毒
Imagine biological viruses designed
被设计成看似无害的微生物
to masquerade as harmless germs.
先在人群中传播，然后“引爆”
They'd spread throughout the population, then detonate.
这将造成噩梦般可怕的情景
It would be a nightmare scenario.
但设计病原的危险性是极大的
But the dangers of engineering pathogens are so great,
结果又极难控制
and the results so hard to control,
甚至恐♥怖♥分♥子♥都不会冒这个险
that even terrorists may not risk it.
即使是最简单的生物学病毒
Even the simplest biological viruses
也比计算机病毒复杂得多
are much, much, more complicated than computer viruses.
一旦你开始操纵病毒
As soon as you start manipulating a virus,
很难想象会造成什么样的后果
it's very difficult to guess what is going to happen.
这是个非常危险的游戏，试图改造自然
It's a very dangerous game, so trying to alter nature
很容易就会引发…世界末日
is something, uh, that can easily lead to doomsday.
未来很可能会出现恐怖的病毒爆发
The future may be filled with frightening outbreaks
除非我们能够将
unless we find a way to lock down
自己重要的信息网♥络♥封♥锁♥起来
our critical information networks.
可一旦世界变得无法隐藏秘密
In a world where privacy is fading away
一切都很容易受到攻击
and everything is open to attack,
那么“秘密”这种东西还能存在吗？
can there ever again be such a thing as... a secret?
冷战时期
During the Cold War,
苏联和美国
the Soviet Union and the United States
深陷于核军备竞赛之中
were locked in a nuclear arms race.
其中的道理就是MAD
The philosophy behind it was M.A.D.,
意思是“同归于尽”
which stood for "mutually assured destruction."
而今天的军备竞赛则可被称为
Today's arms race could be called
“同被解密”
"mutually assured decryption."
计算机网络也产生了
Computer networks develop
更加安全的加密方案
ever-more secure encryption schemes,
同时也有更加强大的攻击网络
and ever-more powerful attack networks
能够将其击破
figure out how to crack them.
但也许能够创造出永远无法破解的程序
But there may be a way to stop this madness by creating a code
来终止这场博弈
that can never be cracked.
罗克·霍斯特迈耶是加州理工学院的
Roarke Horstmeyer is a cryptographic researcher
加密研究员
at Caltech.
虽然他的工作围绕计算机进行，但他也有着一个古老的追求
Though he works with computers, he follows an ancient quest.
罗克寻找着完美密♥码♥
Roarke seeks the perfect code,
保守秘密万无一失的方法
a foolproof way to keep secrets secret.
这是密♥码♥的一个例子
So this is an example of a secret code.
现在，从这条密♥码♥中看不出来什么
And right now, it doesn't look like anything.
大多数人看到的只是随机的字母
Most of us see random letters,
但在专家眼里，这是经过凯撒密♥码♥加密后的信息
but an expert sees a message encrypted with a Caesar cipher,
这种加密方式以尤里乌斯·凯撒命名
named after Julius Caesar,
凯撒用它来秘密通信
who used it for clandestine communications.
破解凯撒密♥码♥的方法就是
The way you crack a Caesar cipher is you just look
你来找出现频率最高的字母
for the most frequent letter.
这里“I”是频率最高的字母
So here, "I" is the most common letter.
你知道“E”是英语中
And you know that "E" is the most common letter
出现频率最高的字母
that appears in the English language.
然后我就能把“I”与“E”对应，接着我就能数出
So I can match "I" to "E," and then I can count
“I”与“E”之间有四个字母的位置变化
and see that that's four letters changed.
对于“X”来说，往前数四个字母
Repeating the same for "X," I can count back four letters
我就知道其实代表的是“T”
and see it might be representing "t."
X-L-I就可以转换为“the”
X-L-I is being converted to "the."
字母换位加密是罗马帝国时期
Letter transposition codes were high-tech
具有高科技的加密手段
in the Roman empire,
但在现在计算能力发达的时代
but in this age of computational power,
这种密♥码♥很容易就被破解了
they are trivially easy to break.
现代加密的黄金标准是
The modern gold standard of cryptography
单次密本
is the one-time pad.
这项技术每次传送消息中的每个字母
This technique adds or subtracts a different value
都随机增加或减去不同的值
for every single letter of a message.
这种工作方式是
The way it works is,
对于你想要隐藏的每个字母
for each letter of what you're trying to keep secret,
都选另一个字母和一个随机数字
you choose a different and random number
来替换真实字母
to permute that letter.
基本上每个字母都有不同的代码
Essentially, each letter has a different code,
所以猜中一个字母是无法按此规律
so guessing one letter won't help you figure out
接着猜中其他字母
any of the other letters in the message.
只有获得单次密本使用权限的人
Only someone with access to the one-time pad,
才能解开密♥码♥获得信息
the code book itself, would be able to make any sense of this.
但就算这种技术完美的加密方式也能被破解
But even this technically perfect code can be cracked.
单次密本通常应用于政♥府♥和商业领域
The one-time pads used by governments and businesses
通过能够产生随机数字的机器
to protect their secrets rely on specialized machines
保护自己的秘密
that generate random numbers.
但爱德华·斯♥诺♥登透露美国国♥家♥安♥全♥局
But Edward Snowden revealed the N.S.A.
暗中操纵了这些机器
has compromised those machines.
其产生的随机数字不再是随机的了
The random numbers they generate are not actually random,
这样国♥家♥安♥全♥局就能够破解
so the N.S.A. can crack even these theoretically
本不可能破解的密♥码♥
uncrackable codes.
随着越来越多的国♥家♥安♥全♥局做过的
As more information about what the N.S.A. has been
或是能够做的事情被揭露出来
and is capable of has come out,
我认为这就成了过去一年里
it's been a big motivating factor, I think,
加密技术不断进步的一大动机
to a lot of cryptography over the last year.
罗克和他的团队正在寻找
Roarke and his colleagues went searching for
一种完美的随机性产生的方法
an ideal generator of randomness,
然后他们发现就在光里
and they found it in light.
我们发现
We realized, or saw, actually, visually,
光线与凝固后喷漆中的无序颗粒
how random light can behave when it interacts
相互作用会产生随机散射光线
with disordered particles, like in dried spray paint.
那么将光线照射散射颗粒后就能很容易的
So it's easy to create a lot of randomness by shining light
产生大量的随机性
on scattering particles.
通过激光
Using lasers,
罗克将光线诱导穿过一层
Roarke directs a beam of light through a sheet of
聚合物分散液晶
polymer-dispersed liquid crystal.
这东西与液晶屏幕很类似
It's a variation on the L.C.D. display
你的电脑屏幕中就有
you might find in a laptop screen.
我们通过将激光
We create our one-time pad
照射散射材料，产生了我们自己的单次密本
by shining laser light through our scattering material.
激光透过散射材料
The laser illuminates the scattering material,
光线就被随机分散
the light scatters through it randomly,
会在材料的另一侧形成干涉图案
and then emerges on the other side as an interference pattern.
一旦出现了这个唯一的图案
Once the unique pattern is created,