地平线系列：火星旅行者指南（2017）

Well done.
为了看看舒尔茨教授是否制♥造♥了欧克斯山
To see if Professor Schultz has recreated Orcus Patera,
他需要分♥析♥录像
he needs to analyse the footage.
现在我们要看扬尘的变化
And now we watch the evolution of the plume...
你可以看到有蒸汽 有等离子体
and you can see this vapour, this plasma.
这有六千开尔文[约5700摄氏度]
This is 6,000 Kelvin.
这里温度极高 就像太阳的表面
This is really hot. It's like the surface of the sun.
这么看来 呈现的所有光亮
In this perspective, all this brightness here
是来自在受冲击的那刻
is because of the projectile that has sheared off
从抛射体上剥离的碎片
at the moment of impact and is impacting this
同时撞击到了下面铺设的铝制板
aluminium plate that's lying down on the surface.
与此同时 陨击坑开始成形
At the same time, the crater is beginning to form.
现在陨击坑看着像一条裂痕
Right now, the crater looks like it's a gash.
它开始时呈裂痕状
It begins as a gash.
但是 在形成过程中
But, as it progresses,
它变得越来越圆
it begins to be circular.
沙子表现出流星斜向撞击会如何
The sand shows how an oblique meteor strike throws material
在撞击时抛出物质 就像欧克斯山那样
downstream of the impact, just like in Orcus Patera.
但这并非完美模拟了火星
But it's not the perfect Mars analogue.
这些流体 由于沙子的松散性
The fluid, loose nature of sand
最开始陨击坑的形状无法留存
means the original impact crater shape is not preserved.
舒尔茨教授必须用更硬的目标物
Professor Schultz must repeat the experiment
重复试验
with a tougher target -
一个铝块
an aluminium block.
JP 准备好了吗
JP, are you ready?
好了 让它重启吧
Ready. Get it to reset.
发射中 闪烁时请勿入内
开录
Rolling.
好的 我们录下来了 录下来了
Oh, good! We got it, we got it, we got it.
让我看看 让我看看
Let me see. Let me see, let me see.
每秒6.0千米
6.0 kilometres per second.
好样的 先生
Well done, sir.
看着像是成功了
It looks like it worked.
这并没有形成圆形陨击坑
So, instead of getting a round crater,
而是一个椭圆形的陨击坑
we have an oblong crater
顺着发射方向椭圆陨击坑下方还有几个小坑
and we have an oblong crater that has multiple impacts downrange.
这条边很低 那边高 还有个陆架
There's a really low rim here, high rim there, and a shelf,
这需要非常低角度的冲击
and it requires a very low angle impact -
我认为这就是火星上发生的事
and I think that's what has happened on Mars.
火星快车 05年10月11日
这个陨击坑几乎是欧克斯山的镜像
The crater is almost a mirror image of Orcus Patera,
整片地受到纵向摩擦
scoured lengthways across the landscape.
舒尔茨教授有个关于它是如何形成的理论
And Professor Schultz has a theory for how it was formed.
一颗卫星在它的轨道上
A moon going around Mars
绕着火星旋转 最终轨道衰减
is in her orbit and eventually that orbit decays,
它离火星越来越近
gets closer and closer to Mars.
实际上 现在围绕火星的火卫一
In fact, the moon Phobos going around Mars right now
将在未来撞击火星 大概是在两千八百
will collide with Mars in something like 28,
或者三千万年后
maybe 30 million years.
所以当撞击发生时 它将以一个极低的角度
So, when that happens, it will come in at an extremely low angle,
擦过去 就像试图着陆的宇宙飞船一样
grazing, just like a spacecraft trying to come in for landing,
只是它的降落不那么稳
except it's not going to land so well.
它将撞上去 形成与欧克斯山类似的
It's going to collide and form a crater
撞击陨击坑
very similar to Orcus Patera.
火星有两颗土豆一样的卫星
Mars has two small potato-shaped moons -
火卫一和火卫二
Phobos and Deimos -
但彼得有一个大胆的假设
but Peter's audacious thought
这颗行星曾有一颗现已消失的卫星
is that there was once another lost moon orbiting the planet.
这个假设有道理 但未有定论
The theory makes sense, but the jury remains out.
海盗1号♥ 1980年2月11日
其陨落位置毗邻火星最大的几座火山
Situated close to some of Mars's largest volcanoes,
其他科学家辩称
other scientists argue that
可能是火山力对地面的抻拉和挤压
volcanic forces could have created the crater
形成了这些坑
by stretching and compressing the ground.
如果我们要探索这些坑的真正起源
If we are to discover the crater's true origins,
我们必须亲自去那里
we must go there ourselves...
因为只有在那里近距离观察这些景观
Because it's only by studying landscapes up close
我们才能完全理解它们
that we can fully understand them.
我们可以看到圣安地列斯断层 就在那里
We can look at the San Andreas Fault, it's right there.
但要想知道它在多久之前形成
But to understand how old it is,
知道在断层两侧都有什么
and understand what's on both sides of the Fault,
你必须去到那里
you've got to be there.
我觉得我们必须登上火星
I think we need to be on Mars.
站在欧克斯山的边上
Standing on the rim of Orcus Patera,
我大概会找到太阳系的全部历史
I'd probably find the entire history of the Solar System
遍布在表面各处
spread across the surface in different places.
我想 自己是否能从巨坑中
I wonder, could I pick up a rock
捡起一块石头
that actually came from the object
恰好来自它的形成之源
that formed this enormous feature?
它会是远古火星的卫星吗
Could it be an ancient moon on Mars?
还是另一个巨大的小行星呢
Could it be just another big, giant asteroid?
这便是亲临其境的优势
This is the advantage of being there.
你能鉴别岩石 做出判断
You identify the rock, you make a decision,
这是你的选择
your choice.
观察 研究
You look, you study.
亲手拿着样本就不一样了
It's different when you actually hold the sample
这将是下一步
and that is the next step.
目前 欧克斯山还是一个谜
For now, Orcus Patera remains a mystery,
欧克斯山
但这谜题如此美丽
but what a beautiful mystery it is.
想象一下 置身于火山口边缘
Imagine standing atop the crater rim,
高出周围平原1800米
rising 1,800 metres above the surrounding plains,
俯瞰深达2.5千米的火山口
looking into the depths of the crater almost 2.5km below.
这该是你火星探险之旅中
What an incredible and enigmatic stop
多么不可思议 神秘莫测的一站
on your adventure across Mars.
科技已经允许我们
Our technology has allowed us
以空前的精确度绘制出火星地图
to map Mars in unprecedented detail.
我们发现的一些地貌
Some of the landscapes we discovered
和地球地貌惊人地相似
look eerily like those on Earth,
另一些则迥然不同
while others are completely alien.
位置 南极平原
冰盖直径 350千米
冰层厚度 3千米
最低温度 -153摄氏度
要探索这些奇特
And there is no better place to explore these strange,
百变且神秘的地貌
ever-changing, mysterious landscapes
最佳的位置就在火星最南端
than at the southernmost reaches of the planet.
这里也许人迹罕至
It may be well off the beaten track,
但是旅途的艰辛是值得的
but the extra effort required to get there will be worthwhile.
南极冰盖
这是火星的南极冰盖
This is Mars's southern polar cap.
是火星上温度最低的区域之一
One of the coldest places on the planet,
温度可低至零下120摄氏度
temperatures here can drop below minus 120 Celsius.
这片寒冷之地让行星学家
It's an icy destination for which planetary scientist
梅格·施旺普博士痴迷了很长时间
Dr Meg Schwamb has long held a fascination.
我们现在位于夏威夷岛
So we're standing on a dormant volcano
一座休眠火山上
on the big island of Hawaii,
这里便是
and so this is where we have
梅格·施旺普博士 双子星天文台
一些顶级望远镜
some of the world-class telescopes
观测夜空的地方
that are observing the night sky.
我是一名行星天文学家和行星学家
I'm a planetary astronomer and a planetary scientist,
我通过望远镜和围绕行星的航♥天♥器
and I study both using telescopes and spacecraft around planets,
研究太阳系内外行星的组成物质
studying what they're made of and how they formed,
及其形成过程
both in our Solar System and outside.
我对火星南极十分感兴趣
I'm really interested in the South Pole of Mars
以及它还能告诉我们
and how that can tell us
哪些火星的过去和现在
more about Mars's past and its current history.
在晴朗的夜晚 在地球上就能
On a clear night, the poles of Mars can even be seen
用小型望远镜观测到火星的极点
through small telescopes from here on Earth.
摄影爱好者拍下的图像显示了
Amateur images like these show the bright ice caps
火星红色圆盘中明亮的冰盖
against the red disc of the planet,
不过 从轨道上传回的图片
but their wonder is only truly revealed
才真正让人们惊奇
with images taken from orbit.
火星快车 2015年2月25日
南极冰盖宽约四百千米 厚约三千米
Over 400km wide and 3km thick,