地平线系列：火星旅行者指南（2017）

This lava flow originated towards the summit of Mauna Loa
布伦特·加里博士
美国航♥天♥局 戈达德航♥天♥中心
朝着这边的大海 流动了20千米
and has flowed about 20km, you know, towards the ocean here.
但是你看不到的是
But what you don't see is that
这个火山岩浆流覆盖了一个巨大的
this lava flow is covering a vast network
熔岩管网络 就在我们下方
of lava tubes that is now below us.
那是我们想要到达的地方
That's what we want to get to.
火山并不特别 因为在太阳系中随处可见
Volcanoes are cool cos we find them all over the Solar System.
火山作用是一个塑造行星 卫星的基本过程
Volcanism is a fundamental process for shaping planetary bodies,
所以我们知道得越多
for shaping moons, so, the more we can learn about it,
我们对太阳系和宇宙了解也就越多
the more we can understand our Solar System and our universe.
帕弗尼斯山的表面上钻出许多这样的熔岩管洞
The surface of Pavonis Mons is riddled with lava tubes like this.
当行星的火山活动依然猛烈时
Natural caverns that formed
形成了这些自然洞穴
when the planet was still volcanically active.
美国宇航局的火山学家布伦特·加里博士
NASA volcanologist Dr. Brent Garry has dedicated his career
致力于研究这些特性
to understanding these features.
火山岩浆流下来的时候
As the lava flow is coming down,
这些管道系统可以在固态地壳之下形成
these tube systems can form underneath a solid crust.
所以 外面有坚硬的地壳
So, you have a hard crust on the outside,
内部是火山岩浆
and the interior will be the lava,
岩浆在其中流过
the liquid rock flowing through it.
想象一下伦敦地铁
Think of the London Underground,
这就像是流经这里的岩浆地铁系统
it's like a subway system of lava going through there.
岩浆排出后
And, as the lava drains out,
就留下了这些 就是我们在这里看到的
that's when we're left with these, you know, giant cavern systems
这个巨大的洞穴系统
that we see here, that we're inside right now.
今天 加里博士利用光探测与定位技术
Today, Dr. Garry is using light detection and ranging technology,
也就是激光雷达
or LiDAR,
来建立这个夏威夷熔岩管的3D模型
to create a 3-D model of this lava tube in Hawaii.
我们要用这些激光雷达扫描器
What we're building with all the LiDAR scans
制♥作♥一张熔岩管地图
is a map of a lava tube.
激光雷达是可用的最佳系统
LiDAR is an optimal system to use
因为它不需要自己光源
because it doesn't need its own light source.
它可以在黑暗中工作
It can see in the dark.
在我们抵达火星之前 在地球上测绘熔岩管
Until we land on the Red Planet, mapping lava tubes on Earth
是加里博士了解火星类似结构的
is Dr. Garry's best chance at understanding
最佳机会
their Martian equivalents.
这是他之前的一次探险测绘的地图
This is a map created on one of his previous expeditions.
我们现在穿越的是其中一个塌陷坑
Here we're flying through one of the collapsed pits
我们测得了形状 容积
and what we're capturing is the shape, the dimensions,
整个熔岩管系统的形态
the morphology of the whole entire lava tube system,
而且我们还测到了
but we're also capturing
在熔岩管内部
the details of all the different textures
各种各样的纹理细节
that are on the inside of the lava tube.
火星快车
2004年10月2日
火星旅行可不适合胆小的人
Travelling to Mars is not for the faint-hearted.
要为严峻多变的环境做好充分的准备
You need to be prepared for a harsh, dynamic environment.
会下微陨石雨
Micro meteorites rain down,
尘暴一刮就是好几周
dust storms rage for weeks at a time
辐射强度是地球的250倍
and radiation levels are up to 250 times higher than on Earth.
熔岩管可以为每个厌倦火星恶劣气候的旅行者
Lava tubes would provide much-needed sanctuary for any travellers
提供必需的避难所
weary of the ferocious Martian climate,
而访客无需与外界完全隔离
but visitors needn't be entirely cut off from the outside world.
我身后是一个天窗
Behind me is a skylight
是进入到熔岩管的一个通道
and that is an opening that goes into the lava tube.
我们现在就有卫星绕火星运行
We have satellites that are orbiting Mars right now
它们有非常强大的摄像机
and they have these very powerful cameras
可以用极高的分辨率拍摄火星表面
that can image the surface with extreme resolutions
我们可以真正地寻找并观察火星上
that we can actually find and observe pits on Mars
像天窗一样的塌陷
that look just like the skylight.
向外看的景象会非常壮观 看得见星星
The view outside would be dramatic, seeing the stars.
幸运的话你还能看见火卫一或者火卫二
Maybe if you're lucky you could maybe see Phobos or Deimos,
火星的卫星 从天窗经过
the moons of Mars, transit past the skylight.
好奇号♥火星探测车
2015年4月15日
看一场火星的日出或日落
Trying to watch a Martian sunrise or Martian sunset,
会是非常美好的景象
that would be pretty cool to see.
如果你在熔岩洞下面 它只给你
If you're down there, it just gives you
这么小的一个窗口来看火星外面的世界
this little window to the outside world on the Red Planet.
火星勘测轨道飞行器
2011年8月4日
帕弗尼斯山西侧的这个天窗
This skylight on the western slopes of Pavonis Mons
是一个宽35米深20米的
is a cavernous hole about 35 metres wide
巨大洞穴
and 30 metres deep.
也许这会是你在地下避难所
Perhaps this will be the window that you will look out
往外探看的窗户
from your subterranean refuge.
也许有一天
Maybe one day, you know,
科技能够让我们来到这些地方
we can have the technology to get us to these areas.
首先我们得到地表
First we have to get to the surface,
然后得进入这些熔岩管系内
then we have to get inside these lava tube systems,
这当然会是一个挑战
so it's definitely going to be a challenge
我们需要一些创新工程
and we'll need some innovative engineering
来帮助我们进到这些管道系统里
to get us into these tube systems.
待在帕弗尼斯山熔岩管内的探险家们
Explorers staying in the Pavonis Mons lava tubes
终于能从残酷的火星气候中
would get much-needed respite
得到一些喘息
from the relentless Martian climate...
逃离包裹着整个星球的
..And escape from the radiation and fine dust
辐射和微尘
that coats much of the planet.
也许他们甚至能找到地下水资源
They may even get access to underground water resources.
这当然是一个不容错过的目的地
Surely, a destination not to be missed.
但对那些吵着要更多户外活动的人来说
But for those clamouring for more of the great outdoors,
熔岩管为他们提供了一个完美基地
the lava tubes provide the perfect base
让他们得以从此出发探索更多地方
from which to explore the rest of the region.
塔尔西斯区
分布着12座巨大火山 横跨4000千米
Home to 12 vast volcanoes and stretching across 4,000km,
这就是塔尔西斯区
this is the Tharsis region.
火星快车
2004年11月-2006年6月
这里的火山巨大无比
The volcanoes here are record-breaking,
可达地球上最大火山的一百倍
up to 100 times larger than anything on Earth.
其中最壮观的是奥林帕斯山
The most spectacular of all is Olympus Mons,
太阳系最大的火山
the largest volcano in our Solar System.
看过这么多令人惊叹的图像
With so many stunning images,
很容易忘记火星离地球有多么遥远
it's easy to forget just how isolated Mars is from Earth.
无畏的旅行者需要和家保持联♥系♥的方式
Intrepid travellers will need a way to keep in touch with home.
美国宇航局工程师凯拉·比顿博士
NASA engineer Dr Kara Beaton is part of the team
是研究未来火星探险家如何通讯
investigating how future Mars explorers
这一问题的团队中的一员
will be able to communicate.
一次火星任务 最短的也要
The shortest journey that you would have for a Mars mission
差不多三年时间
is close to three years.
凯拉·比顿博士
美国宇航局约翰逊航♥天♥中心
需要差不多六个月的时间到那里
It's about six months of transit time there,
然后你需要在火星表面
and then you need to wait for about a year
等个一年或者一年半的时间
or a year and a half on the surface
才能开始返回地球的旅程
before you can begin your return journey back to Earth.
一个非常小的团队要独处三年
Three years in isolation with a very small crew
他们只有几个人 与地球上的家人朋友
of just a couple of people and limited communication
交流的时间也很有限
with family and friends on Earth
这是一个巨大的挑战
is a big challenge that
美国宇航局现在正着手研究中
NASA is currently looking into.
今天 比顿博士和她的同事们
Today, Dr Beaton and her colleagues
正在测试通讯背包原型
are testing prototype communications backpacks.
因为地球和火星之间非常遥远的距离
So, because of the very large distances between Earth and Mars,
在5500万到3.78亿千米之间
anywhere from 35 to 225 million miles,
当地球上的人要和火星上的人讲话时
there is a communication delay
会出现通讯上的延迟
between someone talking on Earth to someone on Mars
反之亦然
and vice versa.
所以 如果我要和你对话
So, if I were to have a conversation with you
我在火星 你在地球
and I'm on Mars and you're on Earth,
我用一个声音通讯回路和你通话
and I speak over a voice com loop,
我的声音大概要4到22分钟才能传到你那里
it would take anywhere from four to 22 minutes to get to you,
然后你在答复我时
and then for you to respond,
又需要4到22分钟
it would take another four to 22 minutes
我才能听到你的回答
for me to hear that response.