BBC地平线：多动症和我（2017）

and we now know perhaps 20 to 30 of those.
好的 通过已知的基因
OK. So then, knowing that,
再调控苍蝇体内基因的表达并分♥析♥其行为
you then manipulate that gene in a fly and analyse the behaviour?
没错
Yep. Absolutely.
您的工作非常有意义
You're doing a really valuable job.
是的 谢谢
Yeah, sure. Thanks very much.
芭芭拉和她的同事们尝试
Barbara and her colleagues are trying to identify
在已知多动症基因中
which of the known ADHD genes
找出每种基因在该疾病中对应的表现
is associated with precisely which aspect of ADHD behaviour.
比如亢奋或者注意力不集中
Such as hyperactivity or inattention.
他们设置了一组苍蝇
So, they take groups of flies,
每一只仅改变了一个基因
each with a single gene altered,
然后观察它们的行为有何变化
and see how that affects their behaviour.
这个实验
So, this is an experiment
让我们能观察苍蝇注意力分散的程度
where we can measure distractibility in flies.
先等我弄清楚那是什么意思
I'll just get my head around THAT concept!
所以苍蝇 它们集中注意力的时间有限
So, flies can be... They have an attention span?
-是的 -我知道它们的翅膀长度有限
- Oh, yes. - I know they've got a wingspan,
但集中注意力的时限
but an attention span?
是的 它们肯定有的
Yes, they absolutely have.
集中注意是很基本的行为 你靠它生存
Attention is a very basic behaviour and you need it to survive.
我们想知道
We're seeing if the gene
修改后的基因是否会导致
that's been modified is actually responsible...
没错 是否是成因
Yeah, causing...
这里有一个迷宫 苍蝇必须决定
So, what we see here is a maze in which flies have to decide
往左还是往右
to go left or right.
我们把苍蝇放在这里
We put the flies in here and then they are attracted
它们被这儿的光吸引
by the light over here,
光线能吸引苍蝇 是一种强烈刺♥激♥
so light is a very strong stimulus attracting flies,
所以它们穿过迷宫 走向这个吸引物
and they walk through the maze towards this attractor.
下面是显示屏
But because we have a monitor here
上面的光条会往一侧移♥动♥
with stripes moving to one side,
有一部分果蝇会分心
some of them will get distracted,
注意力越不集中的果蝇
and the more they are distracted,
越会往光条移♥动♥的这一侧靠拢
the more they will move to the side where the stripes go.
所以它们总有向光的冲动
So, the impulse will always be to get toward the light.
对
Yeah.
迷宫中的果蝇
As the flies move through the maze,
一部分会往左走
some exit more to the left
一部分往右
and some more to the right,
机器会对走向两侧的苍蝇分别计数
and a machine counts how many take each path.
我喜欢白光
I like to look at the white light.
白光 绿光
Oh, white light. Oh, green stripes.
地上的绿光
Green stripes on the floor.
这个果蝇一脸茫然
He does look very confused, this fly.
绿光真漂亮 跟着绿光走
Green stripes are pretty, pretty. Follow the green stripes.
那么有什么区别呢
So, what's the difference?
注意力不集中的果蝇在实验中有什么表现
How does a very distracted fly behave in this experiment?
注意力不集中的果蝇
A distracted fly
相比注意力集中的果蝇
would follow this stimulus that moves to the left
受到光条刺♥激♥往左走得更多
more than a non-distracted fly.
跟着光条
Oh, because that's the direction
-移♥动♥的方向是吧 -是的
- that the stripe is going in? - Yeah.
但我也感同身受
But I see the fly's point, in a sense,
就像是你脚下的地板在动一样
it's like the floor beneath your feet is going off.
我自己就一直盯着...
I find my eyesight is constantly just going...
一直... 容易分心的我啊
I'm always, yes... Yep. Distractible me.
芭芭拉已经发现了一个品系的果蝇
Barbara has already found one strain of flies
相比其他更容易分心
who are significantly more distractible,
这意味着她证实了至少有一种基因
which means she's successfully confirmed at least one gene
跟多动症相关
that can contribute to ADHD.
我可以在这看上一整天
I could stand around here watching all day,
但我得走了
but I must fly.
-太棒了 -好
- That was extraordinary. - OK.
既然我们已经发现了
So, we've identified, or think we've identified
一些相关的基因
some of the genes responsible.
那么能否通过基因检测
Does that mean that I could be
识别多动症患者呢
or anyone could be genetically tested for ADHD?
设想是这样 不过...
I wish that was the case, but...
不能 我们还做不到
No. ..We cannot, we cannot, unfortunately.
我之前说了 相关的基因有成百上千种
So, as I said, we have hundreds of thousands of genes
而我们目前已知的只是很小一部分
that contribute and we know only a few of them yet.
但还不止这么简单
But there's another layer of complexity.
天 我头都痛了
Oh, dear. My brain's starting to hurt.
有人曾说基因不是独♥裁♥者
Well, somebody once said that genes are not dictators,
而是参与决策者
they are committees.
所以基因不负全部责任
So, genes are not everything that there is.
与之相关的还有环境
There's also the environment,
因为基因不是孤立运作的
because the genes do not work in isolation,
它们会被环境影响
they will be influenced by the environment.
所以还有环境因素
So, we have environmental risk factors.
比如说分娩时的并发症
For example, birth complications...
环境的毒素 甚至是虐待
..Environmental toxins, maltreatment even,
都会增加患多动症的风险
that increase your risk for ADHD
尤其是对于本来就携带
and particularly do so if you also have
多动症相关基因的人
genetic risk factors for ADHD.
这叫"基因环境交互作用"
This is called gene-environment interaction.
进行了这么多研究却少有确定的成果
With so much science and yet so little certainty,
罗里感到很迷惑
Rory's feeling confused.
我很努力地尝试去了解
I'm really struggling to understand all this,
每次我觉得懂了的时候
because every time I think I get it,
事实往往变得更加复杂
it gets even more complicated.
科学家也对此表示认同 他们可是专家
Even the scientists admit that, and they're the experts.
可是专家又知道多少呢
But what do experts know?
我了解到多动症患者大脑的
So, I've learned there are differences in the structure
结构和活动是与常人而异的
and the development of an ADHD brain,
但不同的人又有不同的情况
but these can be different in different people.
两个人可能有不同的异常情况
Two people can have different abnormalities
但却都患有多动症
and yet both still have ADHD.
对于症状而言也是这样
And the same's true of symptoms.
不同的人表现各异
These vary from person to person.
有人活跃过度
Some people are hyperactive,
有人容易冲动 有人疏忽失神
others might be impulsive and some inattentive.
再说到基因
And then there are the genes.
跟多动症相关的基因有成百上千种
There are hundreds, possibly thousands of genes involved in ADHD.
不同的人可能基因完全不一样
And different people can have totally different genes,
但还是都患有多动症
but still all have ADHD.
最重要的是
And on top of all that,
没有检测的手段 令人不免有些失望
there's no specific test, which is really frustrating.
罗里需要帮助
Rory needs some help.
所以他回到伦敦
So, he's back in London to meet up
在精神科医生彼得·希尔教授那里
with psychiatrist Professor Peter Hill
上了一节有趣的科学课
for a science lesson with a twist.
彼得 是本来就太复杂了 还是我的问题
So, Peter, this is all very confusing, or is it just me?
不是你的问题 确实复杂
No, it's not you at all - it is complex.
彼得·希尔教授
精神科顾问医师
这是跟诸多问题和领域相关的
It's a complicated interaction
一个复杂的交互作用
between a number of issues and areas.
以前人们以为
People used to think
多动症是由某一个因素引起的
there was one cause of ADHD
但现在我们知道
and we now know
事实远远不止这么简单
that actually it's nothing like as simple as that.
不是哪个单独的基因引发的
There isn't a single gene that causes it.
也非任何单独的神经网络无法运转
There isn't a single neural network that isn't functioning.
而是各种各样因素的相互作用
It is indeed an interplay of multiplicities of all those things.
能否简而言之
OK, so how can we simplify it?
不如我做个比喻吧
I wonder if I could use a metaphor
用烹饪的方式给你看看
and do a bit of cooking just to show you
大概发生了什么
what might be going on.
你要把衣服都脱了吗
Are you going to take ALL your clothes off?
当然了 这可是你在《原味主厨》的台词