饮食变迁（2010）

Humanity's most fundamental relationship is with what we eat.
民以食为天
But nowadays, in wealthy countries,
但当今社会 在发达国家
we're eating far too much of the wrong things.
我们摄入了远远过量的不健康食品
There are 96 million fat people just like us!
像我们一样的肥胖者有9600万之多
And we're paying the consequences of our expanding waistlines
随着我们腰围的增长
with an epidemic of diseases that kill -
我们随之遭受一系列致命的高发性疾病
heart disease, diabetes and cancer.
例如心脏病 糖尿病和癌症
There's a complete lack of knowledge about obesity.
对于肥胖症的知识十分匮乏
How did we end up in this situation and how do we fix it?
我们该如何结束这一局面 该如何弥补
The relationship between what we eat
我们摄入的食物
and how it affects our health
跟它们如何影响自身健康
is a story that television has been
是电视节目不断上演的故事
drawn to over and over again because it's never gone away.
因为它始终伴随着我们
Well, I'm greedy.
我很贪吃
This is the story of mankind's
这是关于人类
attempt to control nature through the wholesale industrialization
试图通过大规模食品产业化
of food production in our search for enough to eat.
满足自身所需 进而控制自然的故事
This is a process which we can do nothing but admire.
对这一进程 我们只有钦佩
It's also the story of the impact this massive shift in our diet
同时也讲述了饮食的巨大变化
has had on the health of each and every one of us.
对我们每个人健康的影响
As a nutritionist, I've spent my career
作为营养学家 我一直在研究
researching how what we eat determines what we are.
我们摄入的食物如何影响我们自身
Of course, we now know that eating the right kind of food
当然 我们现在知道合理摄入食物
is crucial for good health,
对健康至关重要
but it's only relatively recently we've taken that as read.
但只在不久前 我们才开始将其奉为真知
The greatest impact of the change in
当今社会普遍的肥胖症
our eating habits is the modern-day epidemic of obesity.
就是我们饮食习惯变化后最显著的影响
In just a couple of generations, we've gone from suffering from
仅仅过了几代人 我们就从
the diseases of poverty
因挨饿饱尝病痛
to being afflicted by the diseases of excess.
走向因饮食无度而疾病缠身
But it's surprising how
但令人惊讶的是
long it's taken scientists to understand the
科学家们花了这么长时间
true causes of obesity and
才弄清我们的饮食习惯
the real connection to our eating habits.
与肥胖的成因实际上有何种联♥系♥
Since it was launched on the airwaves 45 years ago,
自四十五年前开播以来
Horizon has attempted to understand this connection too,
地平线栏目一直致力于了解两者的联♥系♥
and has charted science's
同时记录下科学手段
attempts to change how our food is produced,
尝试改变食物生产方式的种种努力
initially to combat the real problem
以及与人口♥爆♥♥炸♥式增长
of an exploding population with not enough to eat
带来的食品匮乏问题展开的搏斗
as well as trying to unearth how and why
同时试图揭开这些变化为何 及怎样
these changes have impacted so disastrously on our health.
对我们的健康造成如此灾难性的影响
The story of our bulging waistlines
我们腰围的暴涨
actually has its roots in another battle -
实际源于另一场战争
ironically, one driven by a lack of food.
讽刺的是 这场战争是因食物缺乏引起的
Hunger is always with us.
饥饿始终伴随着我们
From the dawn of time, poverty has been the destiny of man.
从古至今 贫困一直是人类的命运
Man everywhere scratched an uneasy living from an unyielding soil.
人们耕耘着贫瘠的土地挣扎求生
Disease and death, famine and plague
疾病与死亡 饥荒和瘟疫
were the natural order of things.
都是自然规律使然
Through the course of the 20th century,
纵观二十世纪的百年历程
a rapidly expanding population
人口的快速激增
meant there were an ever-increasing number of mouths to feed.
意味着越来越多的人嗷嗷待哺
Today it's hard to imagine, but in Europe people
今天这很难想象 但直到二战
were still suffering from diseases of malnutrition
欧洲仍然有人饱受营养不良导致的疾病
like scurvy and rickets right up to the Second World War.
例如坏血病及软骨病
Well, the war is over,
虽然战争结束了
but peace hasn't brought back the plenty.
但和平没有带来物质上的充裕
Food is still Europe's top-priority problem.
食物短缺仍是欧洲现今的当务之急
In the wake of the war,
随着战争而来的
there was a great impetus to grow and provide more food.
是种植并产出更多食物的巨大动力
# Hey, little hen, when, when, when #
小母鸡 你几时
# Will you lay me an egg for my tea...? #
下蛋为我换茶吃
Industrialisation had transformed our ability to manufacture goods,
工业化进程革新了我们的生产力
and the same application of technology was now being
同时 相同的科技现也应用于
applied to food production to feed the masses.
食物生产以飨众人
By the time Horizon hit the airwaves,
到地平线栏目上线时
this process was well underway.
这一工程已在顺利进行了
More and more farmers were experiencing the shock of the new.
越来越多的农民体验到了新科技的震撼
Over the last decade,
在过去十年间
scientists and experts from agricultural firms have persuaded
来自农业公♥司♥的科学家和专家说服了
more and more farmers to take a more drastic course,
越来越多的农民采取更激进的做法
to take up what's become known as factory farming.
从事工厂化农场经营
More and more, chickens are being produced
越来越多的鸡被量身定制地培育
tailor-made to fit in with the needs of the factory farmer.
以满足工厂化农场主的需要
One big firm brings out a new model every two or three years.
一家大公♥司♥每两到三年开♥发♥一种新的模式
Where can the chicken go from here?
这些鸡将何去何从
The traditional farmyard was rapidly being modernised
传统的农家庭院正被快速地现代化
and the animals brought indoors
动物被带到室内养殖
to increase efficiency and enable mass-production.
来提高效率并确保大批量生产
The chicks are sexed,
小鸡通过性别进行分离
a skilled job invented by the Japanese
这是一项日本人发明的技术
and brought by them to Britain in the 1930s.
在19世纪30年代被引入英国
Today, it's possible to separate the cocks from the hens
现在 分离公鸡和母鸡的准确性
with a guaranteed accuracy of 98%.
可达到98%
The hens are put on one side.
母鸡被放在一边
The cocks, of no commercial value, are gassed.
公鸡由于没有商业价值 将被毒死
The drive to produce the maximum amount at the minimum cost
追求产出最大 成本最低
meant methods that could keep the product flowing as fast as possible,
意味着要采取保证产量尽快增加的办法
whatever the cost to the animal.
无论动物要付出何等代价
Each day, 28,000 chickens are set off down a long conveyor belt
每天有28000只鸡从传输带上线
on a journey which will last 108 minutes.
此过程会持续108分钟
Calmed by hanging upside down,
首先倒挂使它们平静
they are then electrically stunned.
然后电晕它们
Now, bit by bit,
现在 一点一点地
the chicken is stripped down to a shell to become a convenience food.
通过褪毛加工直到变成一种便利的食品
With a pause of only 35 minutes for lunch and two breaks for tea,
除了35分钟午餐和两次喝茶时间外
all day long the procession of birds goes by.
工人全天要面对一排排的鸡经过
This is a process which is inevitable, a process which must go on
这个过程是不可避免的 必须继续下去
and a process which we can do nothing but admire.
我们所能做的只有钦佩
The end of the production line.
产品线的最后
Conceived by the geneticist and realised in a factory,
由遗传学家构想并由工厂实现
it's grown in nine weeks from 1.5 ounces to three pounds,
它能在9周内从1.5盎司长到3磅
the weight that the housewife wants,
这是主妇们想要的重量
and at a price that most people can afford.
且在大多数人可承受的价格之内
The march of progress was relentless.
工业化发展进程不断推进
But in their urge to squeeze maximum efficiency out of the farmyard,
但由于急切追求产出最大化
scientists sometimes went to extremes.
科学家们往往会走向极端
Animals kept completely free of the main farm diseases thrived,
动物们完全不必经受农场中盛行的疫病
putting on weight at an
以理想速率增重的同时
exceptional rate and with much lower mortality.
还伴随着相对低得多的死亡率
By rearing a whole herd of germ-free piglets in incubators
通过在孵化器中培育一群无菌小猪
and keeping them away from other animals in a sealed-off building,
让它们在密闭空间内远离其它动物
commercial herds of pigs for meat
商业化肉猪
have been produced that are the healthiest pigs in the
已被培育成全国最健康的猪种
country, with quite an edge over their nearest normal competitors.
完胜它们的普通竞争者
Any location seemed fair game for food production
单就提高产量而言 任何地点
if it meant an increased yield.
都能用作食品生产
But some experiments were clearly destined to be abandoned.
但一些实验显然注定要被废弃
At Hunterston in Scotland,
在苏格兰的亨特斯顿
the nuclear power station is being used for an unusual experiment.
核电站被用于一项特殊实验
The White Fish Authority is
白色鱼类机构
applying factory farming techniques to sole.
正将工厂化农业技术应用于鳎目鱼
Like broiler chickens,
跟肉用仔鸡一样
the fish are kept in a controlled environments -
鱼被养殖在受控环境中
in this case concrete tanks through
在这个水泥罐中流动的
which flows constant warm water from the power station.
是核电站持续不停的冷却用水
This speeds up their rate of growth.
温水加速了鱼的生长
Already, they're having success.
目前他们已获成功
This sole has become fully grown in only 20 months,
这些鳎目鱼完全发育只需20个月