PBS.新星.狗狗的起源与演化（2004）

these people and to suggest treatment.
从核磁共振仪衍生而来的质子扫描仪
Proton scans, a fancy form of MRI,
能提供给欧文莱以狗大脑的
Provide overall with information on the
活动和结构信息
dog's brain activity and structure.
她希望能借此弄清大脑中 强烈胆怯情绪
It's her hope she'll discover levels of certain brain chemicals
与相关的化学物质含量之间的对应关系
That correlate with this intense shyness.
在这种情形下
In this case,
近亲繁殖的大家庭未尝不是件好事
having an inbred extended family is a good thing.
对于这群狗 其中有兄弟
With these dogs, we've got brothers
姐妹 母亲 父亲
and sisters and mothers and fathers
祖父 侄女 姨妈 表兄弟姐妹
And grandparents and nieces and aunts and cousins,
我们可以观察整件事情
And we can look at that whole thing,
并且把复杂的疾病群体看作一个整体
And you can look at the whole disease complex as a unit.
你可以观察它们的行为
You can look at the behavior,
你可以观察神经解剖
you can look at the neuroanatomy,
你可以观察神经化学物质
You can look at the neurochemistry,
你可以观察分子水平上的受体基础
You can look at the molecular basis of the receptors,
你可以最终观察到遗传学结论
And you can look at the ultimate genetics.
而对于人类我们却无法做这些实验
And we can't do that with people.
由于狗的基因和人类的基因是如此相似
Because the genes of dogs and humans are so similar,
其他科学家也在利用狗来帮助科研
Other scientists are using dogs to discover clues to
探索一些最令人头痛的人类基因疾病线索
Some of the most vexing of human genetic diseases.
在两只名叫布里赞和唐纳的杜宾犬
With the help of dobermans like Blitzen and Donner,
以及一只名叫宝儿的达克斯狗的帮助
And a dachshund named Beau,
艾曼纽· 米诺特已获得重大成就
Emmanuel Mignot has already made a discovery
得以改善数百万人的生存质量
That could improve millions of human lives.
宝儿有嗜睡症
Beau has narcolepsy.
每当情绪高昂时
At moments of high emotion,
它会失去对肌肉的控制并开始入睡
He loses muscle control and appears to fall asleep.
美味的罐装食品就足以让它发病
Good canned food is enough to bring on an attack.
在宝儿溜进走廊的那一瞬间
On the rare occasions when Beau slips off into the hall,
大家都知道再没有理由让它繁衍下去了
Everyone knows there's no reason to race after him.
嗜睡症在人类中要比在犬类中更为常见
Narcolepsy is far more common in people than it is in dogs.
但在近亲繁殖的犬类中更容易被研究
But it's easier to study in inbred dogs
因为它们很少产生遗传变异
Because they have so much less genetic variation.
即使这样 研究仍然不易
Not that it was easy.
这个基因的发现经历了非常漫长的煎熬
The process of finding the gene was a very, very long ordeal.
我都对自己的耐心感到吃惊
And I have to say, I amazed myself with my patience.
即便如此 到最后 我们都极其疲倦
Even so, at the end, you know, we were so tired,
甚至都不敢相信终于发现了这种基因
And we couldn't believe we'd finally get the gene.
我们发现了一些可能对嗜睡患者
We discovered something that may have clinical
有临床治疗意义的研究成果
application for narcoleptic patients,
这对研究者来说是一大梦想
And that is a dream for a researcher.
我们努力工作就是为了找到它
You know, we worked, we looked hard for this gene,
但是我们之前并没有奢望
But we would not have dreamed that what
这么快就真能让研究转向临床应用
we found could have been useful quickly.
我认为现在有个绝好的机会
And I think there is a good chance
直接从这项研究中
that new medication will come out,
开♥发♥出一种适合人类的新药
Directly from that research, for human patients.
这真是一份额外的奖励
And that's really a plus.
这是另一个狗狗帮助人类的例子
It's another example of how dogs help us.
但我们又为它们做了多少呢
But how much have we helped them?
有时候
Sometimes the behaviors
我们培育出来的狗的行为
We've bred into dogs aren't well suited
和我们希望的并不一样
to the lives we ask them to lead.
珍妮弗和特洛伊·陶非常喜欢
Jennifer and Troy Dow love their
他们的西伯利亚雪橇狗艾默生
Siberian Husky, emerson,
但是它几乎不可能与他们一起生活
But he's almost impossible to live with.
因此他们来到宾夕法尼亚州大学的
So they've come to the university of
动物行为习惯诊所
Pennsylvania's Animal Behavior Clinic.
他们希望凯伦·欧文莱能够
Their hope is that Karen Overall
帮助他们改变它的习惯
can help them change his behavior.
如果她也没办法 他们就将面临着
If she can't, they face the painful
对艾默生实施安乐死
prospect of having Emerson euthanized.
在美国 每年有五百万的狗面临这种命运
Five million dogs a year in the U.S. Suffer that fate,
最常见的原因就是行为问题
Most often because of a behavioral problem.
在欧文莱看来
Most problem dogs,
大多数有问题的狗并不是患有疾病
according to Overall, aren't really sick.
只是它们先天的行为习惯不佳
It's just that the behaviors bred into them are a poor match
无法达到人类希望的标准
For the life they're asked to lead.
大多数人希望自己的宠物不会掉毛
What most people want in a pet is something that doesn't shed,
会吠叫但是不要太频繁
That barks a bit but not a lot,
能容易疲倦 于是不必总跟着主人跑
That tires easily so that they don't have to keep up with it,
甚至会希望它们的视力或听力别太好
That perhaps maybe even doesn't see or hear so well
这样它们就不会对很多事都有反应
Because then they're not going to react to lots of things.
大麦町或匈牙利维希拉猎犬都很容易打理
Look at a dalmatian or a vizsla—easy-groom
每个人都会想
dogs, so everybody thinks,
多么适合家养的狗
"great apartment dogs."
人们没有时间给狗梳洗
People don't have any time to groom the dog?
那么养大麦町犬或匈牙利维希拉猎犬吧
Get a dalmatian or a vizsla.
我这辈子还没听过
I've almost never heard of anything
这么荒诞的事
so crazy in my life,
因为它们每天能跑35到50英里
Because these are dogs that can go 35,
而且从不会觉得累
50 miles a day and never get tired.
它们不是很好家养的狗
That's not a great apartment dog.
我们培育的一些品种有可能是
What we have are breeds that were bred for behaviors
生来就不适合成为好宠物的类型
That might be incompatible with being a good pet.
事实上 很少有人
Very few of us actually
现在还用狗来牧羊
use them to round up our stock anymore.
当狗不再牧羊 或者牧羊技能退化
When herding doesn't have an outlet, or when herding goes bad,
情况又如何呢
What does it become?
狗不得不适应周围环境的一切因素
It becomes a dog that has to control
也包括适应自己的主人
everything in its environment, including you.
如果你想要一条狗成为好伙伴
You know, if you want a dog to be a good companion,
那就直接培育新的品种吧
Breed it to be a good companion, breed it to be a good pet.
为什么还要选择
Why do you have to have your pet have this
历史悠久的雪橇狗身上的特质呢
kind of historic representation of a sled dog,
那些对你还有什么用
You know? What does it do for you?
它只不过是为你的想象服务
It enhances your image as,
想象"我是个狂野的探险者
"I'm a, one of those rough and tough guys
在北极带着雪橇狗来去自如
That can go out there and mush my way to the north pole.
我有一只西伯利亚哈士奇
And you know, because I have a siberian husky,
我一直想要那种感觉"
That's kind of representative of what I would like to be."
所以说你是在利用这些狗达成
And so you're using the dog in order to,
某种特定的自我想象
You know, project a certain kind of image.
不 那不是你真正想要的
No, that's not what you want.
你想要一个好伙伴 好宠物
You wanted a good companion, you wanted a pet, you know?
一个男孩和一条狗的形象
The boy and his dog image,
那才是你真正希望得到的
that's what you're looking for, you know?
要抱着这种目的去培养它
Breed for it. Breed for it.
有时候我幻想 某个狗世界里的人
Sometimes I fantasize about somebody in
会自告奋勇地站出来说
the dog world coming forward and saying,
"够了 我们别再管狗的外形了
"well, let's forget completely about what these dogs look like,
我们需要关注的是它们的行为
And let's just focus on their behavior.
让我们培养出完美的伙伴来
Let's breed the perfect social companion;
让我们培养出完美的宠物来"
let's breed the perfect pet."
长远看来 这样每个人都会成为赢者
I think everybody would win in the long run.
狗当然也能赢 当人类拥有
Dogs would certainly win because you would have animals
更适合和与之一起
That would be more suitable for living with
生活在现代世界的动物伙伴
people in the modern world, and would be,
狗将不会被拒绝或遗弃
Therefore, less likely to be rejected or discarded.
人类也会赢 因为我们将拥有
And people would certainly win because they would have an animal
能带来最多愉悦和欢笑的动物
That gave them the most enjoyment and pleasure.
塔克西来到莱文家已经六个月了
It's six months now since taxi came to live with the levines,
多数家庭成员对它的喜爱与日俱增
And most of them have grown to love him.
我会想象鞋子随便摆放
I could imagine leaving my shoes
没有狗把鞋子咬烂
around and not having them chewed.
开车外出时也没有狗会在里面呕吐
I can imagine driving my car around and not having it barfed in.
我能够想象没有狗存在的生活
I could imagine a life without a dog,
但有它在 生活更美好
but it's nicer with.
我想艾伦肯定会说有狗是最好的