PBS.新星.狗狗的起源与演化（2004）

mimic the rich by bringing into their homes unproductive animals.
因此到了19世纪中叶
So, by the middle of the 19th century,
有钱有势的中产阶级
it was not only ordinary,
拥有几只猫或者狗作为宠物
but highly desirable for a prosperous, respectable,
已变得司空见惯
bourgeois to have a dog or several dogs, and also several cats.
这些动物是财富的象征
These animals are badges of wealth,
表明宠物的主人有足够闲钱饲养宠物
a declaration that the owner is rich enough to keep and feed an idle pet.
宠物狗更是约定俗成的社会地位象征
Like lavishly appointed homes, dogs are status symbols.
但是当越来越多的人养得起宠物时
But as more and more people can afford them,
有人就开始给狗带上贵族的头衔
some way has to be found to anoint a few with the mantle of aristocracy.
由此狗狗展览比赛诞生了
So the dog show is born,
这是一种只允许纯种动物参加的比赛
a competition that's soon restricted to purebred animals.
比赛并不要求它们牧群或捕猎
And since few if any of these dogs herd or hunt,
而是仅以其外表来判断胜负
their quality is judged solely on appearance.
那时开始 这些想法古怪的
And that's when you get bizarre and somewhat eccentric groups
中产阶级人士专注于
of middle class people focusing their lives
培育血统纯正的完美宠物
on breeding perfect animals in particular breeds.
在当时的世界
In this world, ideas about status, competition,
狗的品种 血统 出身
and the importance of parentage and bloodlines
自然成为关注的焦点
quickly become inextricably combined.
这种观念无疑促成了培育纯种宠物的风潮
The idea of pure blood and breeding pure strains of things coincided,
当然这也与很多种族主义者所宣称的
of course, with a lot of racist talk about
纯净人类族群的论调相一致
refining the purity of human groups and races.
而早期的关于品种繁衍的文学
And the breed literature from this early period,
相当一部分也是来源于这些厚颜无♥耻♥的种族者
some of it is unashamedly eugenicist and racist.
传统仍在延续
And legacy endures,
对血统和外观的要求仍然盛行
a preoccupation with bloodlines and appearance.
惟有血统纯正的狗才被允许参加比赛
In the show ring, only purebred dogs are allowed to compete,
而评分的标准是
and they're judged on how closely
他们与完美纯种的描述有多接近
they match a written description of perfection,
这种描述被称为血统"标准"
called the breed "standard."
这套标准是纯种狗的参照标准
The standard is the blueprint for the breed.
譬如这只特别的品种[蝴蝶犬]
In this particular breed,
耳朵是评价的关键
the ears are very important:
耳朵需要与头部呈45度夹角
they're set at a 45-degree angle to the head,
就如同奥桑德罗的耳朵一样
just like Allesandro's ears.
像这样 它们是圆的如同流苏一样
They're round, like this, and they're fringed.
头骨占总长三分之二 口鼻为三分之一
The skull end is two-thirds, the muzzle is one-third,
鼻子呈锥形 眼睛要够圆
the stop is defined, the nose is tapered, the eyes are round.
这些元素一起构成了完美的蝴蝶犬
These are all elements that go into making a perfect papilon.
夏洛特·麦高文从她11岁起就参与狗展
Charlotte Magalen has been showing dogs since she was eleven.
我希望能够做到90岁
I'm hoping that I'll still be doing this when I'm 90,
而那时纯种狗将变得越来越少
that's why the dogs are getting smaller and smaller.
有十只蝴蝶犬与她生活在一起
Of the ten papilons that live with her,
所有的成年犬都有获得比赛冠军的机会
all the adults have earned the right to be called champion,
不久后它们的后代就会取而代之
and the puppies will soon.
另外她坚信 自己的行为
What's more, she's convinced she's only begun to
为基因库提供了最纯正的品种
tap the greatness in this gene pool.
我们享受完善基因库的过程
We really enjoy the ability to take the gene pool
这就像是油画的颜料
and use it like paints.
而我们就是画家 是在创作
It's our art. This is my art.
我乐衷于培育这种漂亮的狗狗
I made this beautiful dog that I enjoy.
我创造了她 我替她选好了父母
I made her—I chose her sire and her dam,
我选择了几代品种来培育这只漂亮的狗
I chose several generations to make this beautiful dog.
我以她为豪
I'm very proud of her.
和大多冠军狗一样
Like most champion show dogs,
比比是近亲产物
Bibi is the product of inbreeding.
她的后代也将会如此
Her offspring will be too.
她的母亲与她的孙子共同创造了她
Her mother was bred to her mother's grandson to produce her.
当我为她寻求伴侣时
And when I choose a mate for her,
我将选择她的祖父同样也是她的曾祖父
I'm going to choose her grandfather who was also her great grandfather.
近亲繁殖是因为这些血统非常纯正
The reason I do the close breeding is that I have something very good.
我希望保持并改善这些血统
I want to keep what I have and I want to improve it.
通过终止潜在基因数目的变异
And by closing down the number of potential genes
狗狗的血统将会越来越纯正
I'm going to improve my chances of doing that.
近亲繁殖是精确控制
Inbreeding is the only way to finely control
下一代外形的唯一方式
what the next generation will look like,
但这种方式明显存在很多问题
But it comes with a well-documented downside.
原因就在于
Here's why.
基因有时候可以有助于展现好的一面
Sometimes a gene that helps produce something good,
比如说小狗耳朵的形状
Say the shape of a dog's ears,
它所在DNA上的位置非常靠近
Is located on a dog's dna close to another
会给小狗带来不好一面的基因
gene that produces something bad,
比如说会带来一种疾病
Like a disease.
当这种情形发生时
When that happens,
有很大几率 小狗在得到优质基因的同时
There's a good chance any pup getting the
也继承到了缺陷基因
good gene will also get the bad one.
现在 只要小狗从父母中的另一方
Now, as long as the pup gets a healthy
得到了另一组健康的基因
version of the gene from the other parent,
它就会一切正常
He should be all right.
但是近亲繁殖致使存在很大几率
But inbred dogs have a much greater chance
从父母双方继承到相同的缺陷基因
Of getting the same bad gene from both parents.
目前 夏洛特·麦高文已经懂得避免
So far, Charlotte McGowan has been able to avoid the
让自己的蝴蝶犬陷入这种缺陷中
pitfalls of inbreeding her papilons.
但许多其他的纯种狗正遭受着
But hundreds of thousands of other purebred
各种基因缺陷带来的病症
dogs are suffering from genetic diseases.
是时候让我们放弃那种
The time has come where we've just got to give up
所谓的"优等品种"的心态
This kind of "master race" mentality that we have about dogs.
我们对于狗的培育系统
Our system of breeding dogs,
把一小群的狗与其他品种隔离开来
Of isolating small populations called
进行繁殖然后实行优生学
breeds and then practicing eugenics,
一代一代又一代
Generation after generation after generation,
这些狗都进行近亲繁殖
All of those dogs are inbred beyond belief.
从基因和育犬方式来看 都不利
It's not good genetics and it's not good dog breeding.
但育犬者仍然不愿放弃的巨大成就
Determined not to give up all they've created,
一些团体已开始求助于科学
The dog breeding community has turned to science.
如果科学的基因检测技术
If scientists can develop genetic tests
能够识别哪些狗携带缺陷基因
to identify those dogs with bad genes,
育犬者们相信剩下的事就好办了
Breeders believe they can do the rest.
当他们找到这些标记
When they find the markers, we can
我们大体上就能避开那些疾病
basically select away from the disease.
我们就能够持续地培育出优美的动物
We can breed, continue to breed beautiful animals,
同时摒弃疾病
And we can get rid of the disease.
真是如此简单就好了
If only it were that simple.
目前只有一小部分缺陷基因能被识别
Only a few bad genes have been identified,
而培育者们是否愿意
And even then it's uncertain whether enough breeders
把有缺陷的狗牺牲掉还不得而知
Will make the sacrifices required to weed them out.
同时 像凯伦·欧文莱一样的科学家相信
In the meantime, scientists like Karen Overall believe
这些近亲繁殖的狗可帮助我们弄清楚
There's a lot these inbred dogs can teach us
基因和行为之间的关联
about the links between genes and behavior.
她正在研究那些生性胆小的狗
She's studying dogs born with a debilitating shyness.
这些狗面对任何不熟悉的事物时会愣住
Confronted with anything unfamiliar these dogs freeze.
欧文莱相信它们提供了一个极好的方式
Overall believes they offer a rare window
来探究恐惧和惊慌的基因基础
into the genetic basis of fear and panic.
看这里
Hello. Look here.
这是一种指示器测试受影响程度
This is one of the affected, what
既所谓的神经紧张的程度
have been called nervous, pointers.
可以看出狗楞得多厉害
Notice how frozen this dog is.
正常的狗会开始和你有些互动行为
Normally these dogs would come up and do things with you.
我是说 你可以
I mean, you can...
它们楞成这样 你甚至可以把它们转个圈
They get so frozen you can actually just move them around.
它们自己都不会挪动一下位置
And he'll stay in this position.
这些状况对于
This is for...
那些离开了人类而产生焦虑心理的狗
Dogs who are anxious and withdraw from
就像是患了精神分♥裂♥症一样
people are just like a lot of schizophrenic
患自闭症的人也不会和其他人交流
And autistic humans who withdraw from people and can't interact.
通过弄清楚狗的状况
And by understanding the dogs,
我们就能获得机会
We have this absolutely marvelous opportunity
去探究那些患病人类大脑中的
to investigate the neurochemistry
神经化学和遗传物质
And the genetics of what goes on in
从而给出相应的治疗方案