啤酒是如何拯救世界的（2011）（1）

他还发现了些更小更邪恶的生物
he spotted something smaller and more sinister.
凯莉·邦迪-米尔斯 微生物学教授
他观察到了这些更小的细菌细胞
He would have seen smaller bacteria cells,
遂得出结论细菌是啤酒变质的罪魁祸首
and he concluded that the bacteria were causing the spoilage.
巴斯德发现了细菌
Pasteur had discovered bacteria,
一种未知的微生命形式
a previously unknown microscopic life-form.
这正是啤酒变质的原因
lt was the reason beer was turning bad,
但这项发现对于人类有着更大的启示意义
but the discovery had massive implications for all humanity,
因为接下来他开始思考一个简单
because next, he asked himself a simple,
却明智的问题 如果细菌能让啤酒变质
but brilliant, question -- if bacteria can make beer sick,
会不会也让人生病呢
could they do the same thing to people?
答案是肯定的
The answer is basically yes,
而这恰是微生物理论的根基
and that is really the basis of germ theory.
微生物理论 听着挺无聊
''Germ theory'' -- sounds dull,
却是现代医学的基石 因为此前
but it's the cornerstone of modern medicine because before it,
没有人意识到它的存在
nobody had a clue that germs even existed.
在微生物理论诞生前
Before we had germ theory,
人们并不清楚致病的原因
people weren't sure what caused diseases.
便把这归咎为来自沼泽
They thought it was caused by bad air coming off
或者恶灵的有害空气
of the swamps or evil spirits.
沼泽
Swamps?
恶灵
Evil spirits?
这两样东西的解药可找不到
Try finding a pill for those.
不过巴斯德的发现改变了一切
But Pasteur's revelation changed everything.
我们首次意识到
For the first time, we realized that
细菌能够致病
bacteria and germs caused sickness,
一旦你知晓了原因 你就能够寻找解药
and once you know the cause, you can look for a cure --
疫苗 消灭了天花
vaccines, which virtually wiped out killer diseases
小儿麻痹症等致命传染病
like smallpox and polio.
而且 医生开始有了洗手的意识
Plus, doctors started washing their hands.
举例来说 在微生物理论形成之前
Before the germ theory was understood, doctors, for example,
医生很可能直接用刚验过尸的手
might come straight from an autopsy to help
给产妇接生
a woman give birth.
但微生物理论的发现
But after the discovery of this germ theory,
给了医生们启发
just a simple recommendation
给产妇接生之前要先洗手
- wash your hands before you help a woman give birth
故由此引发细菌感染的概率也大大降低了
- the incidence of these infections went way down.
数百万条生命也因此得到了挽救
lt saved millions of lives.
所以 现在你明白了
So, now you know --
下次接生之前要先洗手
wash your hands next time you deliver a baby
并且对啤酒表达谢意
and give thanks to beer.
这实在太酷了
That's absolutely awesome.
你肯定会爱上啤酒
You've got to love beer.
谢谢你做的一切 啤酒
Beer, thanks for everything.
干杯
Cheers!
干杯
Cheers!
说完了疾病
With disease ticked off the list,
下面来看啤酒的另一个挑战 高温
beer could now take on its next great challenge -- heat.
在十九世纪 高温意味着腐烂的肉类和蔬菜
ln the 19th century, heat meant rotting meat and vegetables,
疾病 传染病 严酷的气候
sickness, disease, uninhabitable climates
以及狂躁的人群
and some very grumpy people
这些问题在今天都得到了解决
-- all problems we solve today with something
尽管这解决之道我们已然熟视无睹
we take for granted...
它就是制冷技术
Refrigeration.
你猜这归功与谁
And guess who came up with the goods?
世界上第一台商用制冷系统正是因酒而生
The first commercially viable refrigeration systems were built
后因酿酒工业而发展
by beer and developed because of the brewing industry,
最初由其提供资金
financed by the brewing industry initially,
并最广泛应用于酿酒业
and applied most often to the brewing industry.
伯纳德·纳根加斯特 作家及技术史学家
这多亏一种曾在十九世纪风靡全美的
lt's all thanks to a new type of beer
新型啤酒
that took America by storm in the 19th century...
拉格
Lager.
拉格啤酒改变了美国
Lager beer changed America.
它一登陆美国
And once it hit American shores, things were never
一切就变了
the same again.
1840年 由弗雷德里克·米勒
lt arrived in the 1840s along with German immigrants
阿道夫·库尔斯等德国移♥民♥带来了拉格
like Frederick Miller and Adolph Coors.
与传统啤酒不同
But unlike old-fashioned beers,
拉格必须要低温酿造
lager beer had to be brewed cold.
拉格的特点是需要低温
Typically, lagers need cold
因为我们需要让发酵缓慢进行
because we need to be able to undertake the fermentation slowly.
以便控制啤酒的口感
That way, we can control the beer flavor.
150年前 冰是唯一可选的冷却物
150 years ago, the only option was ice,
取自自然界的冰川 并由海路运往酒厂
carved from nature and shipped to the brewery
实非长久之计
far from ideal.
冰块过重 这意味着运输和储存的
lce is very heavy, which meant it was expensive to
成本都相当昂贵 而且当然
transport and expensive to store and, of course,
它最终会融化
eventually it's going to melt.
每当春天来临 啤酒就会停止供应
When spring came, the beer dried up until
直到冬天到来才能恢复
the following winter.
夏季 酿酒师都希望拥有人工冷冻技术
Every summer, brewers dreamed about creating cold artificially.
这在十九世纪就是个神话
ln the 19th century, science fiction.
但是啤酒有预知未来的能力
But beer has an eye for the future.
酿酒师对于人工冷冻技术的进展
Brewers were keenly interested in the work being done
一直十分关切
in artificial refrigeration.
许多人认为他们疯了
Many thought them mad,
但他们坚持投入大量的财力进行研究
but they poured money into research.
这是自动冷却技术 对吧
This was automatic cold, right?
就像大量制♥造♥的冷空气
This is like mass-produced cold air,
肯定比冰要好的多
certainly an improvement over ice.
现在你肯定不想把这玩意放在自家厨房♥
Now, you wouldn't want this in your kitchen,
但这是世界上第一台商用冰箱
but it's the world's first commercial fridge --
由卡尔·林德发明的氨冷冻机
the cold ammonia machine, invented by Carl von Linde
1881年因啤酒而生
in 1881 for beer.
对于酿酒商而言 制冷技术就是
For brewers, refrigeration was
会下金蛋的鹅
the goose that laid the golden egg.
一旦有了制冷技术 就能全年供应这种酒
Once you have refrigeration, you can make this beer year-'round.
这项技术使啤酒产业大赚一笔
lt made the beer industry millions.
还为我们提供源源不断的冰拉格
lt gave us a constant stream of cold lager
并从此改变了世界
and changed the world forever.
冷藏技术的诞生解决了一个影响人类生活的
Refrigeration has solved one of the greatest problems
重要难题 即食物储存
afflicting mankind -- the storage of food.
啤酒行业使得数以亿计的人
The beer industry made it possible for us to do that for
能够长久储存食物
billions of people.
啤酒再一次拯救苍生
There goes beer, saving lives again.
制冷技术意味着空调的发明
Refrigeration means air-conditioning...
药物制♥造♥和储存
The manufacture and storage of medicines...
甚至为移植手术提供活体器官
...even the ability to keep organs alive for transplants.
对这位小姑娘而言 最重要的是
And most importantly, for this little girl,
冰激凌
ice cream.
制冷技术为我们的生活
There's just so many different things
带来太多的改变
that refrigeration does for us,
如果没有它
we really would have a hard time
我们现在的生活将过得异常艰难
existing without it nowadays.
再转念一想 这都是啤酒的功劳
And just think of it -- it's all due to beer.
对每一滴完美啤酒的追求
The quest for the perfect drop
为现代社会带来了
produced some of the greatest discoveries
众多伟大的发现与创造
and inventions of the modern age.
21世纪 我们生活在
ln the 21 st century, we live in the age of
大量生产的时代
mass production.
我们的生活水平空前之高
Our standard of living is higher than ever before,
都要归功于伟大的美国标志
all thanks to that great American icon,
工厂
the factory.
工厂就此成为了
The factory became the symbol of everything
一切美国荣耀的象征
that was glorious about America
为美国无限可能的将来
and exemplified the American ability to look off
做了最好的阐释
into a future of infinite possibility.
大多数人认为是亨利·福特
Most people think the factory was invented by
发明了工厂
Henry Ford and the motorcar...
答案错误
但并非如此