啤酒是如何拯救世界的（2011）（1）

Once you start opening up ground, some of that ground
很多土地不适合农作物生长
is not gonna be suitable for agriculture
除非进行人力灌溉
unless you irrigate it.
现代人类依然依靠的很多发明
A host of inventions we still rely on today
都是由于当时人类对啤酒的喜爱而来的
came about thanks to a taste for beer.
开始收割这些作物的时候
Once you start raising all of this food,
你不想把它们拖在身后费力地拉
you don't want to go dragging it around behind you,
那怎么办呢
so what do you have?
所以人类发明了带滚轮的推车来搬运作物
You have wheeled carts to transport the stuff.
对啤酒和大麦的更多需求需要更多土地
More beer plus more barley equals more farms,
所以产生了数学
and the invention of math.
是啤酒让人类开始研究
lt was beer that made them go in and study
如何划分土地界线 从而发明了数学
how to divide borders between their fields, which led to mathematics.
因此我们甚至可以说是啤酒导致了
And so we can even say that math and measurement came about
数学和计量的发展
because of beer.
在土地测量书面化之后
After land surveys came bookkeeping,
啤酒导致的最伟大的早起发明是
and beer's greatest early invention...
文字
writing.
文字是因啤酒而发明的
Beer invented writing?
文字吗
The written language?
别逗了
No way.
不可能
That's impossible.
难以置信 但确实是事实
lmpossible, but true.
史蒂芬·提尼博士是古文字专家
Dr. Stephen Tinney is an expert in ancient texts.
文字的发明是为了满足记录
The reason for inventing writing was the need to record
像啤酒之类的日用品生产和分配的需要
the production and distribution of commodities like beer.
史蒂芬·提尼博士 亚述学副教授
啤酒交易使得文字记录出现
The beer trade created record-keeping --
泥板上的符号♥演化成了文字
symbols on clay tablets that evolved into writing.
第一种文字叫做楔形文字
ln the first-ever written language, called cuneiform,
这个符号♥代表啤酒
this is the word for beer,
它在一个叫做单词表的古代字典中
and it's everywhere in the ancient dictionary
出现过很多次
called the word lists.
在最重要的单词表中有160多个单词
One of the most important word lists has over 160 different words
都与啤酒有关
related to beer.
简直比爱斯基摩人形容雪的词汇还多
That's more than the Eskimos have for snow.
可见啤酒有多重要
That's how important beer was.
啤酒对人类来说必不可少 不但是他们的营养来源
Beer was essential to the people, essential for their nutrition,
还是文字发明的起源
and essential to the origin of writing.
啤酒结束了狩猎时代
So beer ended hunter-gatherers.
开启了农业时代
lt started agriculture,
导致了犁和轮子的发明
invented the plow and the wheel,
也带给了人类数学和文字
and gave us math and writing.
公元前3000年之时 文明就已经全速发展
By 3000 B.C., civilization was in full flow, all thanks to beer,
多亏了啤酒 但这才仅是个开始
but it was only just getting started.
在所有远古文明中
Of all ancient civilizations,
这都是举足轻重的一章
this is the big one.
但现在古埃及专家发现如此重大奇迹
But now Egyptologists are discovering its wonders exist
要归功于一种东西
thanks to a secret ingredient...
啤酒
Beer.
要是没有啤酒
Ancient Egyptian civilizations
古埃及文明就不会存在
would not have existed without beer,
也不会有如今啤酒的大量生产
and beer in great quantities.
我认为古埃及每个人
l don't think there was anyone in ancient Egypt
都有喝啤酒的权利 即使是小孩子
that didn't have the right to drink beer -- even small children.
古埃及人把啤酒看作是神赐予的礼物
The ancient Egyptians saw beer as a gift of the Gods.
古埃及时代最强大的神是太阳神
The most powerful of all the Egyptian Gods was Ra.
他是生命 爱与啤酒的创造者
He is the creator of life, love, and beer
掌控着今生与后世
in this world and the next.
他们活着的时候喝啤酒 当他们逝去之时
They consumed it all the time, and when they died,
约瑟夫·韦格纳博士 埃及古物学者
他们希望去了来世
they would go to the afterlife hoping that they would continue
依然能够畅饮啤酒
consuming beer in great quantities.
这座古埃及坟墓上铭文
This inscription on an Egyptian tomb
回答了一个古老的问题
answers the age-old question,
来世你需要多少啤酒
how many beers do you need in the next world?
他要求了1000罐啤酒
He asked for 1 ,000 jugs of beer that he hoped to
希望能在来世饮用
take advantage of in his afterlife.
金字塔是来世的
The pyramids are the ultimate icons
终极象征
of the afterlife.
如何建造金字塔至今仍是个迷
Just how they were built remains a mystery,
尤其是当人们了解了报酬机制之后
especially when you learn how workers were paid.
古埃及人的日粮和报酬
The daily rations, the wages of ancient Egypt,
就是啤酒
were paid in beer.
他们会得到一个写着
They would be given a chip that would say,
"你挣到了50罐啤酒"的木片
You have earned 50 jars of beer.
就像是一张借记卡
lt was almost as if it was a debit card.
对古埃及人来说 啤酒就是金钱
To Egyptians, beer was money.
现今 一些人仍然会以啤酒做交易
Today, a few noble individuals still trade in beer.
谁给我六箱上等啤酒
l'll do somebody's laundry for
我就给他洗衣服
a 6-pack of high-quality beer.
我会帮人搬家
l'd help someone move.
我不敢说 因为这是公众片
l don't know if l should say because if this is out there,
我父母可能会看到
my parents will see.
现代社会中啤酒可以让别人帮你个忙
Our modern beer economy might buy you a favor.
但在过去 则可以买♥♥一座金字塔
Back then, it would buy you a pyramid.
一个金字塔建造工人的酬劳
The going rate for a pyramid builder
是一天一加仑啤酒
was a whopping gallon of beer a day.
所以要建造金字塔
So it was just an incredible amount of beer
需要好多好多啤酒
that went into building the pyramids.
吉萨金字塔的造价
lt takes a gut-busting 231 ,414,717
是231414717加仑啤酒
gallons of beer to build the pyramid of Giza.
原因就是
The reason --
古代啤酒是一个重要的营养源
ancient beer was a vital source of nutrition.
啤酒对古埃及人来说绝对重要
Beer was absolutely fundamental to the Egyptians.
它是最基本的粮食之一
lt was one of the very basic foodstuffs.
啤酒也是古埃及的主要食品之一
Beer was one of the main foods in ancient Egypt.
啤酒在当时可不仅仅是一种饮料
lt wasn't just a question of being a beverage.
甚至一个男孩早上起来
Even a schoolboy would get up in the morning

贝琪·布莱恩博士 埃及古物学教授
也会喝点啤酒当早餐
and have a dish of beer.
这种古代啤酒 我们叫它金字塔淡啤
This ancient beer -- we'll call it ''Pyramid Lite''
金字塔淡啤 酒精含量为3%
酒精含量非常低
-- was very low in alcohol,
但矿物质和维生素的含量很高
but packed with minerals and vitamins,
使得古埃及人身体健康强壮
which kept the ancients strong, healthy,
并且十分多产
and astonishingly productive.
如果没有啤酒 今天我们就看不到金字塔
We wouldn't have the pyramids if it weren't for beer.
因此是啤酒建造了金字塔
So, beer built the pyramids and was Egypt's staple food
也是古埃及人的主食和流通货币
and its common currency.
我知道你们在想什么
l know what you're thinking --
"接下来他就要说啤酒还能治病了"
''Next, he's going to tell me beer cured the sick.''
事实上 这是真的
Well, actually, it did.
啤酒被用来治疗所有的疾病
Beer was used to treat all sorts of ailments.
他们用啤酒来治疗牙龈病
They treated the diseases of the gums with beer,
他们还利用制♥造♥啤酒的残渣
and they actually even used some of the remains
一些粮食颗粒
of the beer, the grain,
点燃它们 产生一种直肠熏剂
and burned them and produced an anal fumigant
用来治疗肠道疾病
to treat diseases of the bowel.
这种特殊疗法也许不再流行了
That particular remedy may have gone out of fashion,
但古代啤酒确实在三千年前
but ancient beer really did pioneer a startling revolution
就已经是医疗革命的先驱
in medicine 3,000 years before its time.
乔治·亚美纳苟斯博士是一位人类学教授
Dr. George Armelagos is a professor of anthropology.
他通过研究木乃伊化的骨骼
He studies mummified bones to find out how ancient Egyptians
来了解古埃及人的生存状态
used to live.
他有了一项震惊现代科学界的发现
He recently made a discovery that shocked modern science.
我的心跳都停止了
My heart stopped.
我想着 "这可是一个大发现"
I said, "This is really big."
他在有着三千年历史的骨骼中
He spotted traces of tetracycline,
发现了四环素
a modern wonder drug,
这一现代灵药的痕迹
in bones 3,000 years old.
这项发现可谓意义非凡
This is such a remarkable discovery.