啤酒是如何拯救世界的（2011）（1）

二十一世纪
In the 21st century,
人类是地球的主宰
human beings are masters of the planet.
人类有一万年的文明史
Behind us lie 10,000 years of civilization,
征服自然
bending nature to our will.
这一切都从一个伟大的发明开始
And it all started with one great invention...
不是车轮
not the wheel...
不是汽车
not the car...
也不是飞机
not the plane.
最伟大的发明是
The greatest invention of all was...
啤酒
beer.
啤酒从一开始
Beer has changed the course of human history not once,
就一次又一次地改变了人类的历史进程
not twice, but over and over again right from the very beginning.
啤酒造就了世界第一块田地
It sowed the world's first farmlands.
农业革命爆发的原因
The agricultural revolution came about
是因为人类要酿造啤酒
because of the imperative, the need to make beer.
啤酒造就了世界第一奇迹
lt hewed the world's first wonders.
若不是啤酒 就不会有金字塔
We wouldn't have the pyramids if it weren't for beer.
啤酒为现代医疗奠定了基础
Beer established modern healthcare.
啤酒和科学密不可分
Beer and science go hand-in-hand.
啤酒造就了美国
And beer shaped America.
啤酒是美国的秘史
Beer is the secret history of America.
它就在我们的基因里
lt's in our DNA.
它甚至终结了历史上一个巨大的耻辱
lt even ended one of history's great scandals.
虽不全然因为啤酒 但啤酒
Beer was part, if not all, of the motivation
是停止使用童工的推动力
for ending child labor.
而最重要的是 它让我们在看球赛时
And most important of all, it gave us something to drink
有东西可喝
while watching the ballgame.
这就是史上最伟大发明的故事
This is the story of the greatest invention of all time.
这是个惊人的故事 且从未有人讲过
lt's an amazing story, and one that really hasn't been told.
直到此刻
Until now.
没有啤酒 也许我们还住在洞穴里
Without beer, we'd probably still be living in caves.
啤酒如何拯救世界
像我们这样的人类存在了大约十万年
Human beings like us have been around for about 100,000 years.
前面九万年 我们是游牧民族 狩猎为生
For the first 90,000, we were nomads -- hunter-gatherers.
唯一担心的就是食物
All we had to worry about was food.
狩猎者的生活也许并不像某些人
The life of a hunter-gatherer is probably not as hard as
想得那么艰难
some people would think.
乔治·拉格斯博士 人类学教授
他们每天花大约两小时
They spent about two hours a day
采集谷物 打猎
gathering grains and hunting,
花很多时间交朋友
and they spent a lot of time socializing.
直到公元前9000年 发生了一件事
Then, in 9000 B.C., something happened that
从此改变了世界
changed the world forever.
在中东 狩猎者不再四处流浪
ln the Middle East, hunter-gatherers stopped wandering
而是开始耕种
and started farming.
他们离开洞穴 住进房♥屋
They swapped caves for houses...
创造了第一支文明 美索不达米亚
and created the first civilization, Mesopotamia.
这就是我们所知的世界伊始
lt was the beginning of the world as we know it.
历史学家称其为农业革命
Historians call it the Agricultural Revolution,
但问题在于 这是因何发生的
but the question is, why did it happen?
我们在当地酒吧问了这个问题
We asked at the local pub.
女人
Women.
南瓜
Pumpkins.
土豆
Potatoes?
不想再搬石头了吧
They just got tired of moving rocks.
我想不到
l have no idea.
不知道
l don't know.
事实上 农业革命
ln fact, the Agricultural Revolution
是因
was started...
大麦而起
by barley.
多年来 专家们都认为大麦是用来做面包
For years, experts assumed it was to make bread...
但现在出现了一个全新的理论
But now there's a new theory that has shaken
动摇了科学界
the world of science.
农业革命是因为啤酒
The Agricultural Revolution is all about beer,
帕特里克·海耶斯博士 食品科学教授
而啤酒需要大麦
and beer is all about barley.
对食品科学家帕特里克·海耶斯博士来说
For food scientist Dr. Patrick Hayes,
答案显而易见
it's an open-and-shut case.
种植大麦无疑是为了酿造啤酒
There's no doubt that barley was domesticated to make beer.
考古学家派特·麦克高文博士也支持
Archaeologist Dr. Pat McGovern backs up
大麦酿啤酒的理论
the barley-for-beer theory.
人类在公元前9000年开始种植大麦
The reason it was domesticated in 9000 B.C. is
派特·麦克高文博士 生物考古学教授
是因为要用来酿造啤酒
they were using it to make beer.
而证据
The proof --
就是这些古老的陶壶
residue from ancient jugs.
原来这些陶壶叫做啤酒石
Turned out that this residue was what's called beer stone.
这就是能证明这些容器
Now, this is evidence then that we had a vessel
原本是用来装啤酒的证据
that would have originally been used for beer.
麦克高文所发现的证据表明
McGovern has found evidence of beer more than 3,000 years
啤酒的出现要比面包早了三千年
before anyone was baking bread.
但等一下
But hold on a minute.
酿酒是一门复杂的科学
Brewing is a complex science,
原始人又是怎么发明啤酒的呢
so how could primitive people have invented beer?
汤玛斯·肖汉默博士是一名发酵学家
Dr. Thomas Shellhammer is a fermentation scientist,
也是名啤酒研究员
a beer boffin,
他认为原始人发现酿酒之法
and he thinks they stumbled across it
是纯属意外
by complete and utter accident.
大约一万年前 狩猎者采集野生大麦
About 10,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers were collecting
作为营养来源
wild barley as a source of nutrition.
一次采集过程中 他们将大麦采下
During one of these collections, they were taking barley and
汤玛斯·肖汉默博士 发酵学教授
放进某种采集容器里
placing it into some sort of collection device.
这些人接着就去打猎了
This group then go on a hunt.
当他们不在的时候 自然奇迹出现了
While they were away, a natural miracle occurs.
先是下雨
First, we get some rains,
打湿了大麦
and these rains moisten that barley,
大麦就开始生长
and that barley begins to grow.
生长时 大麦会产生糖
As it grows, it produces sugars.
接着就需要更多水
Now it needs more water.
幸运的是 又下雨了
Luckily, it rains again.
而这一次
And at this point,
我们有了大量的雨水
we have a substantial amount of rain-
足以浸满
enough rain that this vessel
这整个容器
becomes basically full with liquid.
接着奇迹出现了
Now, the real magic happens.
野生酵母将大麦产生的糖转化为二氧化碳和酒精
Wild yeast converts the barley sugars into CO2 and alcohol.
几天后 猎人们回来了
A few days later, the hunters return.
他们往容器里一看 发现了这种冒泡的混合物
And they look inside this vessel, and they see a bubbly mixture.
有人冒险一试
And someone takes the chance to actually taste it...
尝了一口 心想
And taking a taste, they think,
这东西真是太特别了
"Wow! This is something that's very, very different."
这就是第一壶意外酿造的啤酒
This is the very first accidental beer,
从此以后 一切都变了
and from this point on, things will never be the same.
三百万年的进化史 人类从未尝过酒的滋味
Humans hadn't touched a drink in 3 million years of evolution.
突然 生活变得有趣多了
Suddenly, life looked a lot more interesting.
他们说 这东西真不错
They said, "This stuff is good.
怎么弄到更多呢
How can we make more of that?"
如今 像海耶斯博士这样的专家
Today, experts like Dr. Hayes
认为是啤酒中"振奋人心"的因素
believe it was beer's feel-good factor
永远改变了世界
that changed the world forever.
啤酒那醉人的效果催使人们
The intoxicating effects of that beer surely persuaded people
继续种植大麦
to continue propagating barley.
然后为了酿造更好喝的啤酒
And that in turn starts this whole cascade of inventions
人类又进行了一系列的发明
that make for better beer.
对啤酒及其原料大麦的需求
The thirst for more beer, and more barley to make it with,
引起了一系列的连锁反应
created an explosion of new technologies
从而致使无数新发明出现
in the domino effect.
他们耕地的时候厌倦了要拿着棍子
They're gonna get tired of going out with a stick
在坚硬的地面上戳洞
and trying to poke a hole into hard ground.
这导致了什么呢
And so what does that lead to?
他们发明了犁
Well, that's gonna lead to the plow.
当你开♥发♥土地的时候会发现