地平线系列：肉食者的困境（2014）

他们发现 适量摄入红肉
They found that eating moderate amounts of red meat
对死亡率没有影响
had no effect on mortality.
事实结果表明 少量而不要完全拒绝肉类
In fact, they conclude that "a low - but not zero - consumption of meat
也许对健康有利
"might be beneficial for health."
这是可以理解的
"This is understandable
因为肉类是蛋白质
"as meat is an important source of protein,
铁 锌 维生素B族 维生素A
"Iron, zinc, B vitamins, vitamin A
和必需脂肪酸的重要来源
"and essential fatty acids."
也就是说 吃少量红肉
In other words, eating small amounts of red meat
似乎比素食主义更为健康
seemed to be better for you than being a vegetarian.
总之 哈佛的研究发现少量摄入红肉
So, the Harvard study found a modest association
和过早死亡有关联
between moderate red meat consumption and early death,
但欧洲的研究没有
the European study didn't.
目前对于红肉的争论尚不明确
The red meat argument is slightly less clear at the moment.
我们并不期望两项研究获得完全一致的结果
We wouldn't expect two studies to have identical results.
总的来说
However, in general,
当研究出现不同结果时
when studies have different results,
凯瑟琳·布拉德伯里博士 营养流行病学家 牛津大学
发现产生这些不同的准确原因
it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact
是十分困难的事情
reason for the difference,
所以我们并不确信 早逝与红肉之间
so we're not as confident that there is a real association
真的存在某种联♥系♥
between red meat and early death.
实际上 这类观察性研究
And the fact is that observational studies like these
无法证明特定的饮食习惯
can never really prove that specific dietary habits
会使人生病
cause a disease.
这类研究能找到饮食成分 比如红肉
These types of studies can find associations between dietary components,
跟疾病存在一定联♥系♥
for example, red meat and disease,
但我们不能完全证明
but we can't absolutely prove for certain
导致人类生病的就是这类饮食
that it is the dietary component that is causing the disease.
鉴于这些长♥期♥研究结论各异
In light of the varied results of these long-term studies,
我拜访的这些专家们认为
just how much red meat do the experts I've met
我们应该摄入多少红肉呢
think we should be eating?
如果一个人可以完全不吃红肉
If one is able and comfortable
并且不觉得难受
to have no red meat at all...
盖理·弗雷泽博士 基♥督♥复临安息日会教♥徒♥健康研究项目 罗马林达大学
那这是件好事
is a good thing.
然而 你也知道
However, you know the population
人们不会都变成素食主义者
is not going to become vegetarian.
我认为应该从倡导减少肉食摄入开始着手
Um, and so I think one starts with the concept of meatless days.
尽量减少摄入红肉的频率
It looks like having red meat quite infrequently,
沃尔特·威利特博士 哈佛大学 公共卫生学院
例如 一个月一次
say once a month,
这是比较合适的饮食
is really an optimal diet.
你可以把它视作特殊活动
It's good to think of it as a special event,
在这里可能不同
like, I don't know if you consider here,
但在新英格兰 特殊活动才会吃龙虾
but in New England, lobster is a special event.
不是每天都会去吃的东西
It's not something that we have on an everyday basis.
我们认为 单论瘦肉的话
We think that lean meat in particular
罗纳德·克劳斯博士 美国奥克兰儿童医院研究所
对身体没坏处
is not a hazard to health
但前提是要适量
if it's consumed in moderation.
就现有证据来看
From the evidence so far, what I conclude
我可以认为 每天吃很多红肉
is that eating a lot of red meat every day
不是个好主意
is not a great idea.
但一周中有几天适当吃肉
But a modest amount a couple of days a week is unlikely
不会造成太大伤害
to do you much harm.
爱吃肉的人们别高兴得太早
Now, before meat-eaters go off rejoicing,
还有一些坏消息
there is a sting in the tail,
EPIC和哈佛的研究中都表明
because both the EPIC study and the Harvard study found
摄入加工肉制品
that eating moderate amounts of processed meat,
如培根 香肠 意大利香肠等
that is, bacon, sausages, salami,
对你患上心脏类疾病和癌症的几率
did have a significant effect
确实有着非常显著的影响
on your risk of getting heart disease and cancer.
加工肉制品是如何诱发癌症的呢
So, just how might processed meat cause cancer?
圣托马斯医院
在圣托马斯医院
Here at St Thomas's Hospital,
他们每年会有上百位病人
they see hundreds of patients each year
疑似患有结直肠癌
who are suspected of having colorectal and bowel cancer.
这是英国第三常见的癌症
It is the third most common cancer in the UK
内镜检查科
也是与多肉饮食结构有明显关联的疾病之一
and the one that has the clearest links to a high-meat diet.
肠胃病学专家顾问 杰里米·桑德森医生
Consultant gastroenterologist Dr Jeremy Sanderson
能够使用结肠镜检查病人是否有肠癌早期症状
uses a colonoscope to check for early signs of bowel cancer.
这是一根前端装有摄像头的柔软的管子
It's a flexible tube with a camera attached
将它插入直肠 顺着肠道深入
inserted into the rectum and guided around the bowel,
可以传回高清晰度的体内影像
giving remarkable high-definition pictures inside the body.
他非常愿意向我展示它是如何工作的
He's keen to show me how the equipment works.
然而令他失望的是
Much to his disappointment,
我放弃了亲身体验的机会
I turn down the opportunity for a personal examination.
这是一款标准的奥林巴斯结肠镜
This is a standard Olympus colonoscope.
你可以看到 这个肠镜约1.5米长
As you can see, it's about a metre and a half long
不过你应该很乐意知道
but you'll be pleased to know
我们通常用不了这么长
we don't usually need to use all of that instrument.
一般要用多长呢
OK, how far do you go then normally?
一般来说 由于肠道十分柔韧
Normally, because the bowel is quite flexible,
有些人能够
and in some people
让这个肠镜
you can get almost all this telescope
整个放进去
coiled up into the bowel
如果你的肠道韧性非常好
if your bowel's very flexible,
结肠镜检查可以把
and that's the art of colonoscopy,
把你的肠道
is to be able to straighten it,
完全撑开
concertina the bowel down.
我们有时候会说 在治疗结束的时候
We sometimes say it ends up at the end of the treatment
肠镜在体内应该接近问号♥的形状
looking a bit like a question mark shape.
你在找什么
What are you looking for?
我们在找一种叫"息肉"的东西
We're looking for the "polyps" they're called,
其实就是长在肠道内壁上
they're little tiny mole-like growths
像痣一样的小肿瘤
on the lining of the bowel
往往要经过五年 甚至十年
and steadily what happens over a period of five, ten years,
那些肉芽越长越大
those little growths turn, get bigger,
变成一块更大的息肉 最后发展成癌
and a bigger polyp, and finally can become a cancer.
这是桑德森博士
This is the view Dr Sanderson gets
在大肠中寻找息肉时的画面
when he's searching for polyps in the large bowel.
那我现在看的这是什么
So, what am I looking at, at the moment?
其实
Well, essentially this...
这是普通的肠道镜检
this is a normal colonoscopy
这是透过结肠镜末端的镜头
so you're looking at the lining of the colon,
看到的结肠内壁
you know, down the end of the instrument.
这种摄像头分辨率极高
It's a sort of very high resolution video camera.
这个大概在什么位置
How far up, so to speak, are we?
大概伸入40厘米左右
We're about 40cm up.
你可以看到平滑的肠道内壁
As you can see, the nice normal smooth lining,
血管也清晰可见
you can make out blood vessels.
事实上 当肠道发生变化或是发炎的时候
In fact, when the bowel's altered or inflamed,
我们要做的第一件事
one of the first things that goes
就是仔细观察血管
is the ability to see the blood vessels in such detail.
构造十分奇怪 不是吗
The architecture is very strange, isn't it?
可是一旦病人的肠道出现异常
But things look very different
里面的情形就大不一样了
when the patient has an abnormal bowel.
天哪 我真是没想到 那个
Right, I had no idea. That...
-那是息肉吗 -是的
- That is a polyp, is it? - That is a polyp.
你看这里
So what you're seeing here,
其实息肉有一个柄状结构
and in fact you can see it's on a stalk...
-看到了吗 在这里 -看到了
- Can you see it here? - There you go.
这里还有一个
Here's another one.
看起来像是个增生结构
Oh, that looks like an alien growth.
没错 已经长得挺大了
Yes, it's grown to a size.
-开始的时候 -看起来很大
- And that started... - It looks huge.
大约有2厘米
Well, that's about... that's about 2cm.
-2厘米 -最初只是一小块息肉
- 2cm. - It started as a small, little polyp.
长啊 长啊
It grew, it grew
然后从肠道内壁突出
and it's pulled a bit of the lining with it.
这个人有多少岁
How old would this person be?