南太平洋（2009）

But its biggest success
或许是在当地的渔民中播下 保护珊瑚思想的种子
may be in sowing the seeds of conservation in the local fishermen.
几天之内 这些切条将附着在珊瑚礁上
Within days, these cuttings will have stuck themselves to the reef,
一年前移栽的珊瑚礁
while reefs that were replanted a year ago
已经开始开花
are already starting to bloom.
再过几年 这片区域就会充满鱼群
In a few more years, this area should be awash with fish.
因此当地人依赖的海岸捕渔是有希望的
So there's hope for coastal fisheries on which local people depend.
出到公海 又是另一回事
Out in the open ocean, it's another story.
这里没有保护措施
There is no protection here,
而且大多数的鱼正在这些地方被捕捞
and yet this is where most fish are now being caught.
这些可能看起来像米诺鱼 但其实它们是金枪鱼
These may look like minnows, but they are tuna,
每条重达二公斤以上
each a healthy two kilos or more.
有四种金枪鱼在热带太平洋被捕捞
Four different species are fished in the tropical Pacific.
这些是鲣鱼
These are skipjack tuna,
夹杂一些黄鳍金枪鱼
with some yellowfin tuna mixed in.
这艘船没有撒网
But this boat is not setting nets.
以竿和线钓鱼的远古技术
The ancient technique of fishing with rod and line
现在在工业上非常纯熟
is now practised on an industrial scale.
喷射水流从下方打碎船的轮廓
The water jets break up the outline of the boat from below,
并模拟出饵鱼受攻击时的噪音和骚动
and mimic the noise and commotion of baitfish when under attack.
同时 活的饵鱼被撒在船的周围
Meanwhile, live baitfish are strewn around the boat
以吸引金枪鱼
to keep the tuna interested.
看起来好像只为几条鱼大费周章
It may look like a lot of effort for a few fish,
但其实这种"杆和线"的 钓鱼技术惊人的高效
but this "pole and line" technique of fishing can be surprisingly effective.
捕渔出口如今在热带太平洋是大生意
Fishing for export is now big business in the tropical Pacific,
包括金枪鱼在内被捕捞的鱼
with tuna alone accounting for 30 times more fish
超过所有渔民为维生而捕捞的鱼30倍
than all the fish caught by subsistence fishermen.
商业化捕捞可持续吗？
So is commercial fishing sustainable?
鲣鱼是体型最小的
Skipjack are the smallest,
也是迄今太平洋中最丰富的金枪鱼类
and by far the most abundant tuna species in the Pacific.
它们只要一年就发育成熟
They reach maturity in just a year
然后在一个季节之内多次产卵
and then spawn many times within a season.
它们似乎很适宜捕捞
They seem to be the perfect catch,
因为它们的数量会持续恢复
as their numbers just keep bouncing back.
但并非所有的海洋生物都有 这样的恢复能力
But not all marine life is so resilient.
由于现代化的捕捞
Thanks to modern fishing,
一些太平洋最知名的动物深陷困境
some of the best-known animals of the Pacific are in deep trouble.
鲨鱼已经主宰了太平洋数百万年
Sharks have been top dog in the Pacific for millions of years.
它们控制其他鱼类的数量
They control the numbers of other fish,
因此在维持水下生态系统的
and so play a vital role
健康和多样性方面扮演着重要角色
in keeping the underwater ecosystem healthy and diverse.
在法属波利尼西亚 灰礁鲨聚集在一起
In French Polynesia, grey reef sharks gather.
而双髻鲨游弋在加拉帕戈斯群岛
While scalloped hammerheads patrol the Galapagos Islands,
这是少数几个有鲨鱼大量聚集的地点
these are rare hot spots where sharks converge in large numbers.
但是潜水者说这些鲨鱼
But divers claim this is just a fraction
只有他们过去看到的几分之一
of the number of sharks they used to see.
许多鲨鱼是海洋移栖动物
Many sharks are ocean migrants,
穿越数百英里寻找猎物
travelling hundreds of miles in search of prey,
比如长鳍真鲨
like the oceanic whitetip.
令人吃惊的是 它们可能曾经一度是
Amazingly, this may once have been
这个星球上数量最多的大型动物
the most abundant large animal on the planet.
但却成了被渔夫的钩和网毁灭的猎物
But it's fallen prey to fishermen's hooks and nets.
调查表明长鳍真鲨的数量 可能已经惊人地
Surveys suggest oceanic whitetips may have declined
锐减了99%
by a staggering 99%.
如同美国大平原上野牛的消失
It's like the disappearance of bison from America's great plains,
只是这发生在过去短短50年里
yet it's only happened in the past 50 years,
而且几乎无人关注
and almost no-one has noticed.
难以置信地 自从工业化捕捞开始后
Incredibly, the world's oceans may have lost more than 90%
全世界的海洋损失了超过 90%的掠食性鱼类
of their large predatory fish since industrialised fishing began.
虎鲨仍在夏威夷的水域出现
Tiger sharks still turn up in Hawaiian waters,
被另外一种伟大的大海流浪者吸引至此
drawn here by another great ocean wanderer.
这些黑足信天翁是一个濒危物种
These black-footed albatross are certainly an endangered species,
但不是因为鲨鱼
but not because of the sharks.
每年有数以千计的成年黑足信天翁被鱼线所捕获
Thousands of adult black-footed albatross
每年有数以千计的成年黑足信天翁被鱼线所捕获
are caught each year on fishing lines.
事实上 全世界22种信天翁中的19种
In fact, 19 of the world's 22 species of albatross
正受到威胁或濒临灭绝
are endangered or vulnerable to extinction,
主要是由于捕渔
largely thanks to fishing.
Antipodean 又叫漂泊信天翁
The Antipodean, or wandering albatross
在新西兰附近水域安家
is found in the waters around New Zealand,
这是世界上种类最多的海鸟家园
home to the most diverse sea bird community in the world.
也是最富饶的捕渔场所
These are rich fishing grounds for fishermen too.
鸟儿知道只要哪里有渔夫
The birds know that where there are fishermen,
哪里就有免费的午餐
a free lunch is sure to follow.
这是如何给它们惹来麻烦的呢?
So how does this get them into trouble?
凭着三米宽的翼展信天翁能够飞越
With a wingspan over three metres, an albatross is built to soar
大洋数千英里觅食
thousands of miles across the ocean in its quest for food.
因为它可能几天一无所获
As it might go for days with nothing,
由不得精挑细选
it can't afford to be choosy.
海面上的任何东西都要抢先到手
Anything near the surface is snapped up.
不幸地是船上渔夫投下的东西不是每一样都能吃的
Unfortunately, not everything a fisherman casts overboard
不幸地是船上渔夫投下的东西不是每一样都能吃的
is a healthy meal.
远在大海外面 一艘长线钓鱼船正在布线
Far out at sea, a long-line fishing vessel is setting its line.
长线钓鱼船尤其应该对
It's long-line vessels in particular that have been held responsible
信天翁数量的下降负责
for the decline of the albatross.
渔民在海面上放出一条30英里的长线
The fishermen pay out a line 30 miles long
渔民在海面上放出一条30英里的长线
across the surface of the ocean,
每隔几米 他们绑上一条副线
and every few metres, they attach a secondary line
上面有一个钩 用鱼或乌贼作饵
with a hook, baited with a fish or squid.
每个晚上 这艘船投放超过1,000个鱼钩
Every night, this vessel casts over 1,000 hooks,
而它只是穿梭于太平洋的 许多长线钓鱼船中的一艘
and it is just one of many long-liners plying the Pacific,
其中一些船的鱼线长达100英里
some with lines 100 miles long.
但是这个渔民清楚知道这对海鸟的威胁
But this fisherman is well aware of the threat to the sea birds,
和如何阻止它们吞下他的鱼钩
and to prevent them from swallowing his hooks,
他采用了对鸟类友善的钓鱼方法
he has adopted bird-friendly fishing methods.
这是为什么他在晚上 信天翁睡觉的时候布鱼线的原因
It's why he sets his lines at night, when the albatross are sleeping.
他放置的是"柱脚凸形圆盘线"
And he deploys "tori lines".
这些简单的彩条带效果显著
These simple streamers are remarkably effective
将鸟吓离鱼钩
at scaring birds away from the hooks.
他还在钩住鱼饵之前融化它
He also thaws out his bait before hooking it,
因此它很快下沉不见
so it sinks out of sight quickly.
被他误捕的鸟事实上为零
His bird catch is now virtually zero.
这为捕捞他的目标大眼金枪鱼留下较多的鱼钩
This leaves more hooks free for his target species - bigeye tuna.
这些鱼很有力 体重超过100公斤
These are powerful fish, and can weigh well over 100 kilos.
可能看起来残忍♥ 但最人性化的杀鱼方法
It may look brutal, but the most humane way to kill one quickly
是将它射杀
is to shoot it.
信天翁的未来仍安危未定
The future of the albatross still hangs in the balance.
在新西兰附近的鸟类正受益于一道法律
The birds around New Zealand are benefiting from a law that states
规定所有的长线渔船必须使用 对鸟类友善的捕渔法
all long-line fishing vessels must use bird-friendly methods.
但是信天翁是伟大的旅行者
But albatross are great travellers,
因此它们在南太平洋的其余 各处仍然处于险境
so they're still at risk throughout the rest of the South Pacific.
除非如果所有的渔船采取对 鸟类友善的技术
Only if all fishing vessels adopt the same bird-friendly techniques
信天翁的故事会不会...
will the story of the albatross...
象鲸鱼那样...有一个幸福的结尾
like that of the whale - have a happy ending.
拯救的鲨鱼的道路没有如此平坦
Saving sharks is not so straightforward.
它们被捕捉并非偶然...
They're not just caught accidentally...
它们的鳍很值钱
their fins are worth a fortune,
全因东方人喜欢喝鱼翅汤
thanks to an Oriental taste for shark-fin soup.
每年有超过七千万只鲨鱼被捕杀
Over 70 million sharks are killed every year,
在南太平洋的很多地方 割取鲨鱼鳍要么并不违反法律
many in the South Pacific, where shark-finning is neither outlawed
要么得不到有效管理
nor properly regulated.
这是一条大眼长尾鲨
This is a bigeye thresher,
一种几乎从未在野生环境被见到过的鲨鱼
a shark that's almost never been seen in the wild.
切割鲨鱼鳍是一种浪费 而且通常以残忍♥的方式
Shark-finning is a wasteful and often cruel practice,
可能最终打乱整个海洋生态的平衡
and one that may ultimately disrupt the balance of life in the ocean,
并被证实对其他海洋生物同样是 毁灭性的灾难
proving catastrophic for other marine life too.
那如何拯救鲨鱼?
So how can sharks be saved?
在斐济的贝加湖 当地居民证明
In Bega Lagoon, in Fiji, the local people are proving
一条活着的鲨鱼比死掉的更有价值
that sharks can be more valuable alive than dead.
游客愿意为了与真实的活着的鲨鱼 进行一次相会而花大钱
Tourists will pay good money for an encounter with real, live sharks.
这是一片集体拥有的珊瑚礁