灵丹妙药：人类基因组计划的十年（2010）

医生需要知道他们的DNA信息 。
To discover this,
发现这一点，
they use a pioneering piece of
technology known as a GeneChip.
他们使用了一种的先锋技术。
This reveals the degree to which
a gene is active - "turned on" -
这在何种程度上揭示了基因是怎样被激活的 - “打开” -
or inactive - "turned off" -
in a patient's cancer.
或不活动 - “关闭” - 在患者的肿瘤里。
Believe it or not,
in this little square,
不管你信不信，
在这个小地方，
this black box in the middle,
it's got all the genes
这个黑盒子的中间，
它有所有的基因
that a human being has,
一个人所有的，
so this particular gene chip
has over 28,000 genes.
这个特定的基因芯片拥有超过28,000个基因。
The chip is divided into millions
of microscopic squares
该芯片被分为数百万个微观小格，
and each single square
identifies a particular gene.
并且每个单一方格标识一个特定的基因。
When molecules from a patient's
cancer cell are squirted into it,
当患者的分子从癌细胞喷了进去，
the squares are designed
to light up
小方格被设计点亮，
and reveal the level of gene
"expression" - or activity -
并揭示基因的“表达”或活动水平
in the patient's cancer cell.
在患者的肿瘤细胞里。
On the screen is the genetic data
taken from a chip.
屏幕上是从芯片取基因数据。
What is shows you is that
there are some of the genes
展示给你的是有一些基因的
where the activity is more,
and that is represented
这些闪亮的地方表示其中的活性越高，
by these shining areas,
whereas in some areas
而在某些领域
there is no activity
of the gene at all,
没有基因活动，
so those are completely dark areas.
所以这些地方都是完全黑暗的。
The hope is to group cancers by
their pattern of genetic activity
希望通过它们的基因活动模式，能对癌症分组
and then use this information
to take an informed decision
然后使用此信息采取明智的决定
on which treatment
will be most effective.
其治疗将是最有效的。
So how long will it be before
this technology
那么还要多久这项技术
is available for patients like me,
so that, on an initial diagnosis,
可让和我一样的患者可用，这样一来，在初始诊断，
we can be given more information
about our treatment choices?
在我们的治疗选择上，我们可以得到更多的信息。
I think that's hard
to speculate about,
我认为这是很难的，推测一下，
but one thing is for sure,
但有一点是肯定的，
that since the completion
of the human genome project,
既然人类基因组计划已经完成，
the advances have been absolutely
phenomenal and, therefore,
这进步是非凡的，因此
I'm pretty sure that, over a period
of time - say, the next decade -
我敢肯定的是，一段时间过后，比如，未来十年 -
we would be able to identify
the right treatment regime
我们将能够确定正确的治疗方案
for a particular patient.
对于特定患者。
The future looks promising.
在未来将大有作为。
By studying the patient's genetics,
通过研究患者的基因组，
doctors believe they will be able
to produce a targeted treatment
医生相信他们将能够制定出针对性的治疗方案。
that's most effective
for the individual patient.
对个体患者来说，这是最有效的。
Finding out that targeted treatment
is going to be available is just...
找出有针对性的治疗
将是可用的只是...
it's amazing, really.
My original thoughts
这是惊人的，真的。我原来的想法
were that there isn't going to be
available for 20 years or so.
是人要等20年左右才可用。
So to find out that it's going to be
within the next decade is brilliant.
因此，要发现它在未来十年内可用将是是极好的。
Not just for me
but also for Jamie as well.
不只是我
对于杰米也是。
Tom has come to a facility
in Oxfordshire
汤姆已经到了在牛津郡的一个研究所
run by the Medical Research Council.
由医学研究委员会负责它的运行。
He's here to meet a mouse,
他到这里来看一个老鼠，
one that should give him
a remarkable insight
对他自己的情况，会
into his own condition.
给他深刻的洞察力
What scientists here
are trying to do is identify,
科学家们在这里
正在试图做的是识别基因，
one at a time, the genes involved in
complex diseases such as alcoholism.
一次一个，复杂疾病如酒精中毒涉及的基因。
This is Ward 6,
where we do most of our work.
这是沃德6 ，
我们在这里做我们的大部分工作。
We've got about
2,500 cages in here...
我们已经得到了大约2,500笼，在这里......
They have recently identified
one mouse
他们最近发现一只鼠
whose behaviour is unlike
anything ever seen before.
其行为是前所未见的。
Right.
对
So...Tom,
this is one of the alco-mice.
所以......汤姆，
这是醇溶小鼠之一。
This is the one, is it?
This is our man.
是这个，是吗？这是我们的人。
As you'll know,
正如你知道的，
what makes us all individuals is
the blueprint of life, our DNA,
决定我们所有的人
生命蓝图的是，我们的DNA ，
which is a long genetic code
of letters - A, T, G, C and so on -
这是一个很长的遗传密♥码♥字母 - A， T，G ， C等 -
and that codes every single
protein and every single thing
in our bodies.
而且编码我们的身体里的每一个蛋白质和每一个生理活动。
What we've done is we've changed one
single letter in that genetic code,
我们所做的就是我们换了一个遗传密♥码♥的单字母，
at random, in the animals
随机的，在动物里
and we've looked to see
which of them consume alcohol.
我们已经看了看这其中关于饮酒的。
We've done that with
a simple choice,
我们所做的，是一个简单的选择，
very much akin to if you and I
went into a pub
非常类似于如果你和我
走进一间酒吧
and I said,
"What would you like to drink?"
我问，“你想喝点什么？ ”
So the animals are living
very happily in the cage.
动物很高兴地生活在笼子里。
And you can see we've got
two bottles here - one with water,
你可以看到我们有两个瓶子 - 一个是水
and one which is 10% alcohol,
另一个是10 ％的酒精
so the equivalent of a strong beer
in terms of alcohol strength.
在酒精的力量方面，和高度啤酒等效的。
We know that the majority of mice
will not touch alcohol at all
我们知道，大多数小鼠都不会碰酒,
if given this choice.
如果有这样的选择。
But the alco-mice will take
85% of their daily fluid intake
但醇溶老鼠会,其每天的液体摄入量的85 ％
from the alcohol-containing bottle.
Oh, wow.
来自含醇的瓶子。
哦，哇。
Which is equivalent to you or I
taking, weight for weight,
对于你和我这样的体重，
喝的酒，
round about
two bottles of whisky a day.
这相当于每天喝两瓶威士忌。
Wow, that's heavy going.
哇，这真是太多了。
They are, but the important thing is
it's entirely free choice,
是的，但最重要的是，它是完全自♥由♥的选择，
they can consume whatever they like.
他们可以为所欲为地享用。
And, as you can see,
he's very happy there, having
a little look around the cage.
而且，正如你所看到的，它很高兴在那里，稍微留意一下周围的笼子。
He chooses the ethanol
all the time, basically?
大部分时间，他总是选择乙醇是吧？
85% of the time, yeah.
85 ％的时间，是的。
Scientist have learnt from studies
of identical twins,
科学家从研究中得知，对小鼠来说，同卵双胞胎，
and of adoption cases,
在收养的情况下，
that around half of what makes
people alcoholic is genetic
一半的酗酒者取决于遗传。
and around half
is their environment.
一般是他们的环境。
With the mice, because we are in
a controlled environment
我们生活在一个可控的环境里，
where one day is very much
like another,
每天都差不多的，
and there are no particular stresses
or social pressures or taboos,