灵丹妙药：人类基因组计划的十年（2010）

give it to your child.
即使你最大的敌人，更何况把它给你的孩子。
When deciding to have a child,
当决定要一个孩子，
Emma and her husband Graeme
put their faith in genetics.
艾玛和她的丈夫格雷姆信赖遗传学。
They hoped that one day it would
develop treatments capable
他们希望有一天开♥发♥出能够帮助治疗
of helping their child, Jamie,
should he develop a cancer.
他们的孩子，杰米，阻止他患癌症。
So, how close is science to
vindicating their decision?
那么，现在科学离实现他们的愿望还有多远？
The Sanger Institute
in Cambridgeshire.
在剑桥郡的桑格研究所。
It's the headquarters
of an audacious,
它的总部，一个有冒险精神的，
international research project.
国际研究项目。
Ten years ago, the institute was
celebrating its crucial role in
helping sequence the human genome.
十年前，该研究所以在人类基因组计划中起了的关键作用而自豪。
Today, the DNA sequencing machines
have been charged with a new mission
今天，DNA测序仪已有了一项新任务
- to sequence human genomes
that have developed cancer.
- 测序癌症病人的基因组
。
Professor Mike Stratton
is one of the world's foremost
迈克·斯特拉顿教授是世界上最权威的
cancer specialists, and the man
in charge of the International
Cancer Genome Consortium.
癌症专家之一，也是国际癌症基因组协会负责人。
Their work involves extracting
the genome from a cancerous cell
他们的工作是从相同的癌症患者提取一个癌细胞
and a normal cell
from the same cancer patient.
和正常细胞 的基因组 。
They then sequence them
and compare the two.
然后，他们测序并比较。
And what we're looking for is
the difference between the cancer
而我们要找的是
and the normal.
二者之间的差异。
Because those differences are
the mutations, and those mutations
因为这些差异是突变，而这些突变
are in those cancer genes,
which are driving the cancer.
在这些癌基因，这是患癌症的根本原因。
That's is the information
we want to get out.
我们要搞定的是这些信息。
It took the Human Genome
Project almost ten years
人类基因组项目花了近十年时间，
to sequence one human genome.
来测序一个人的基因组。
Today, it takes three weeks.
今天，它只需要三个星期。
This increase in pace will allow
the consortium to examine over
25,000 different cancer cells.
这加快的步伐将允许企业筛查25,000不同的癌细胞。
Machines like this, all over the
world, is going to take it from a
point at which we look upon
这样的机器已经遍布世界，
cancers as black boxes, to looking
inside those black boxes fully lit
以寻找癌症黑盒子里的线索。
to see every detail
of how the cancer has developed.
看到每一个细节，以及癌症是如何病发的。
And that is going to change
cancer research forever.
而这将一直改变着癌症研究。
Where we're living in ignorance
at the moment,
此刻，我们正生活在无知中，
we will have the knowledge, and
wherever the knowledge takes us,
我们将有知识， 无论知识带我们到哪里，
the knowledge will empower us
to do more.
知识将赋予我们做多。
I think even, for my own
selfish reasons as well,
for my little boy,
我想即使只是我自己自私的理由也好，我的小儿子，
I've been so worried about what
the future will hold for him,
我一直很担心的是未来他将怎么样，
so that if he has inherited
my gene fault,
因为，如果他继承了我的缺陷基因，
we've just got so much
more information to be able
to deal with it
我们刚刚得到了更多的信息，以便能够对付它
and to help him make the decisions
that he would need to make
并帮他做决定他是否和我一样需要做
in the same way that I had to.
这一切治疗。
Absolutely. In the spaces of
time that we're talking about
当然可以。我们有充足的时间谈论，
with respect to your son Jamie,
the 20 years,
你的儿子杰米， 在20年以内，
we'll be in a completely
different position
我们在治疗和预防癌症上
with respect to our understanding
of cancer and the opportunities
会处于一个完全不同的高度
for treating and preventing it.
Yeah. That's fab.
是啊。这是极好的。
Oh!
哦！
So, you got some stuff that
you weren't expecting there.
所以，你得到了一些意想不到东西。
If you can use that? That's good.
But that's how it will be.
如果你能使用吗？这是很好的。
但是，这是怎么会是。
Oh, God.
哦，天哪。
It's unbelievable.
这是令人难以置信。
Knowledge of the genome allows
cancers to be classed not by where
运用基因组的知识可以把癌症以基因，
in the body they appear, but by
their genetic characteristics.
而不是以发病部位来归类。
This means we can put cancers into
ever more precisely described sets.
这意味着我们可以把癌症更加精确地描述。
It presents scientists
with a huge opportunity
据科学家介绍这是一个巨大的机会
to develop so-called
personalised treatments
为特定癌症目标
that target the specific
genetics of a particular cancer.
提供所谓的个性化治疗。
BOY BURPS
小男孩打嗝
Hey. Don't be silly.
嘿。别傻了。
In Wakefield, Tom wants to find out
which of his genes contain
在韦克菲尔德，汤姆希望找出他的基因含有的
the mutations that might help
explain why he developed alcoholism,
突变，得以解释为什么他酗酒，
a disease that took over his life
and almost cost him his family.
一种疾病，接管了他的生命，几乎夺去了他的家人。
There was no nights out
for me and Zoe,
我和Zoe没有夜生活 ，
there was no trips to the cinema
with the kids.
没有与孩子们前往电影院。
It was my cash, any spare cash
went on alcohol,
这是我的现金，任何闲钱都买♥♥酒了，
so between 16 and 25 pints a day,
more on the weekend,
大概在16和25日品脱之间，
周末更多，
to the point where I was
spending more than I was earning.
我到了入不敷出的地步。
The lowest point, I think, was
crawling into the kids' bedroom
最差的，我认为，是爬到孩子们的卧室
and taking money out
of their money box.
从他们的钱盒子拿钱出来。
Tom is looking online to see
if he can purchase a kit
汤姆正在网上看一个试剂盒
that will shed some light
on his genetic make-up.
将在他的基因组成上给他一些启发。
"Home Genetic Test Kits UK."
“英国家庭基因检测试剂盒。”
Genetic testing. Diabetes.
基因检测。糖尿病。
Since the genome was sequenced,
由于基因组进行了测序，
businesses have sprung up across
the web, offering customers
企业如雨后春笋般涌现跨越
网络，为客户提供
the chance to identify mutations on
just a few hundred different genes.
只有几百种不同的基因突变识别服务。
It's become a multi-million pound
industry.
它已经成为一个价值数百万英镑的产业。
Once his kit has arrived, all Tom
needs to do is spit in the vial
一旦他的试剂盒到来，汤姆
需要做的就是吐唾液在小瓶里
and send it off to be analysed.
然后寄送，以进行分♥析♥。
Tom is hopeful that his test will
reveal what contribution his genes
汤姆是希望他的检测结果可以
揭示他的基因
have made to his alcoholism.
导致了他酗酒。
Sophie is in London to
meet Dr Simon Waddington.
索菲娅在伦敦会见西蒙沃丁顿博士。
He is using mice to pioneer
a radical new technique for
delivering gene therapy
他是用小鼠试验一个基因治疗的激进的新技术

that could potentially see
cystic fibrosis become a
disease of the past.
这可能让囊性纤维化不再成为病。
That's your hat there. Thank you.
And then you've got some gloves.
这是你的帽子在那里。谢谢。
然后你的手套。
Simon hopes that one day gene
therapy will be administered
西蒙希望有一天基因治疗将给予
not to young children,
but to foetuses.
不只年幼的孩子，还有胎儿。
So, Sophie, we have three mums here.
Come on. There we are.
因此，苏菲，这里有3个妈妈。
来吧。在那里。
This is one of the mice here.
这是其中的一个。