BBC地平线：我们该关了动物园吗？（2016）

这听上去也许理所应当
not just surviving, may sound obvious,
但这会彻底改变动物园界
but it could revolutionise the zoo world.
如果动物园真把动物的福利放在首位
If zoos really did put welfare at the very top,
动物园会有什么变化呢
how would zoos be different?
每座动物园里的动物会减少
Well, you'd have fewer animals in each zoo.
每座动物园拥有的物种会减少
You'd have fewer species in each zoo.
动物园会圈养适合该地气候的物种
You'd have species in a climate that is appropriate.
我毫无疑问地相信
And there's no question in my mind,
这就是发展趋势
that's where things are going.
我想拥有北极熊的动物园会减少
I think you'll see fewer zoos with polar bears,
拥有大象和大猩猩的动物园会减少
fewer zoos with elephants, fewer zoos with gorillas.
不同的动物园会各有所长
And different ones will have different expertise.
这就意味着 如果你想要看到某种动物
And you know, that means that you might have to travel further
你可能不得不跑得更远
if you want to go see a particular type of animal.
但是没有理由每个城市都该有一座
But there's no reason that every city should have a zoo
养着斑马 长颈鹿 大象 犀牛等
that each one has zebras, giraffes,
全部动物的动物园
elephants, rhinos, etc.
在动物园周围 世界也在改变
Around zoos, the world is changing.
我们正面临空前的灭绝危机
We're living through an unprecedented mass extinction crisis.
人口的急剧增长
The rapid rise of the human population
已经大大改变了自然环境
has dramatically reshaped the natural environment,
并以惊人的速度破坏着动物的栖息地
destroying habitats at an alarming rate.
珍·古德博士从1960年
Dr Jane Goodall has seen
在坦桑尼亚研究黑猩猩起
how the wild has shrunk since she first studied
就一直观察荒野面♥积♥减少的原因
chimpanzees in Tanzania in 1960.
对她来说 动物园有了责无旁贷的任务
And, for her, it makes a compelling case for zoos.
如果世界是美好的
If the world is beautiful,
就像我初到非洲时那样
and like it was when I went first to Africa,
那黑猩猩就应该在那里
that's where all chimps should be.
珍·古德博士
灵长类动物学家
但并非如此
But it's not.
树木砍伐的接近让黑猩猩的生存受到威胁
I've seen so many places where there's logging coming closer,
这种情况我见过太多次
chimpanzees under threat.
坦诚讲 当你到一座很棒的动物园
And, quite honestly, when you go to a really good zoo
那里有很大的户外♥围♥场
which has a big outside enclosure,
你就会想
then you think, well,
实际上 如果我是黑猩猩
actually, if I was a chimp,
我可能更愿意待在这儿
I'd probably rather be here
而不是身处危险的野外环境中
than out in all these dangerous situations in the wild.
受到人类的影响
Because of human impacts,
物种正以百倍于预期的
species are disappearing at a rate 100 times faster
速度消失
than would be expected.
动物园说拯救动物是他们的根本任务
Zoos are saying that saving animals is their fundamental role.
此时电视和电影都在取代
At about the same time that television and film
动物园为你展示
were taking over from the simple task
大卫·汉考克
1975至84年 西雅图伍德兰动物园园长
北极熊样貌的简单工作
that zoos had of showing you what a polar bear looks like,
动物园于是变换了他们的定位并宣称
zoos then changed their direction and said,
我们是自然保护中心
we are conservation centres.
我们的初衷就是保护动物
This is our primary purpose, is conservation.
如果我们没有饲养和繁殖某些动物
If we weren't breeding and maintaining animals,
那么有些动物很可能
then some of these animals would be going
会在野外迅速灭绝
rapidly extinct in the wild,
莎伦·雷德罗布博士
特怀克罗斯动物园园长
我们不会有这样的方舟效果
and we wouldn't have this ark principle,
这样的动物储备 也就无法放归野外
this repository of animals, to ever put them back.
这就是现在动物园所扮演的角色
This is the role now of zoos.
动物园仅仅展示说明野生动物的角色
It's changed radically since the '50s and the '60s,
从五六十年代♥开♥始发生了根本改变
of just show and tell wild animals.
我们现在是动物问题解决方案的一份子
We are now part of the solution.
我不认为动物园宣称他们是保护中心的说法
I don't think this is a sustainable claim for zoos to say
能禁得住考验
that they're conservation centres.
他们为自己构建的说法
It's a very thin, slender little column that they've built
很难站住脚
for themselves to stand on.
洛杉矶动物园
谈到饲养濒危物种
When it comes to breeding endangered species,
得益于多年的投入
zoos have gained vast amounts of expertise and knowledge,
动物园已经拥有大量的专业知识
thanks to years of dedication.
敏感区域
禁止入内
以保护加利福尼亚秃鹫为例
Take the effort to save the California condor,
这是世界上最濒危的鸟类之一
one of the world's most endangered birds.
我很想帮忙
I'm keen to help out,
但来自洛杉矶动物园的迈克·克拉克另有想法
but Mike Clark from LA Zoo has got other ideas.
你不想让我帮你拿鸟蛋吗
You don't want me to hold the eggs for you?
你没有许可
You're not on the permit,
能触摸鸟蛋的联邦许可
the federal permit to touch the eggs.
-要有联邦许可才能处理它们吗 -是的
- You have to have a federal permit to handle them? - Oh, yeah.
在20世纪80年代 世上仅剩下22只
In the 1980s, there were just 22 California condors
野生加利福尼亚秃鹫
left in the wild.
仅存的秃鹫被送进动物园
The last of the species were brought into a zoo,
圈养繁殖计划就此启动
and the captive breeding programme began.
这是LA-10-15号♥蛋
So this would be egg LA-10-15.
每枚蛋都会接受严密监测
Each egg is closely monitored.
-给你看 -看 真不可思议
- There you go. - Oh, look at that, that's fantastic.
快看
Look at that.
养大雏鸟的过程中
As the chicks are reared,
其与动物饲养员的接触是受限的
contact with zoo keepers is limited.
这是个秃鹫手偶
This is a condor hand puppet,
是我们在这里做的
something we make right here.
雏鸟由手偶手把手地喂养
The hand-reared chicks are fed by puppets.
一些鸟在放归自然后并不惧怕人类
Some birds showed no fear of humans when they were released,
所以饲养员必须改变这种状况
so the keepers had to adapt.
除了丢下食物 手偶能起到什么作用呢
So what would this puppet do, other than just drop the food?
因为攻击也不会有任何后果
The chicks can get kind of rambunctious
迈克·克拉克
洛杉矶动物园 秃鹫饲养员
雏鸟会变得暴躁
and become abusive towards the puppet,
还会攻击手偶
because there's no consequences.
所以手偶会把它们移开
And so the puppet would actually have to move them away,
就像在说 你不该那样做
like, you're not going to do that,
那样的行为方式不正确
that's not the way to behave.
三十多年来
Over three decades,
动物园不断完善饲养秃鹫的方法
zoos have perfected the method of breeding condors.
但将它们成功放归野外
But successfully reintroducing them into the wild
就是一项更大的挑战了
is a much greater challenge.
这里是洛杉矶北部的霍珀山
This is Hopper Mountain, north of Los Angeles,
圈养出生的秃鹫放归地之一
one of the sites where captive-born condors are released.
我和艾斯特尔·桑德豪斯在一起
I'm with Estelle Sandhaus,
她是圣巴巴拉动物园的科学家
a scientist from Santa Barbara Zoo.
禁止入内
秃鹫保护区
峡谷的另一边是一处具有历史意义的筑巢区
'On the other side of this canyon is a historic nesting site,
要是我能看见它就好了
'if only I could see it!'
天哪 看见它真是太激动了
Gosh, it's really thrilling to see it.
没错 的确 的确如此
Yeah, absolutely, absolutely.
天哪 它真美丽 不是吗
God, she's gorgeous, isn't she?
-对 它的确美丽 -真神奇
- Yeah, she absolutely is. - It's amazing.
这片山某种程度上已经成了座动物园
These mountains have been turned into a zoo of sorts.
这些鸟受到持续监控
The birds are constantly monitored,
因为如果没有集约化管理
because, without intensive management,
鸟类数量会再度骤减
the population would once again collapse.
戈特利布动物健康与保护中心
原因能在洛杉矶动物园找到
The reason can be found at LA Zoo.
这是360号♥ 一头从野外送来的病秃鹫
'This is 360, a sick condor brought in from the wild.'
它真美
He's a beaut.
它遇到的情况恰好显示出人类行为
'What happened to him reveals just how much human behaviour
对放归计划的破坏程度
'is undermining this reintroduction programme.'
这是秃鹫身体的腹面观
This is a ventral view of the whole body
如果你仔细看 就能看到一个高密度的物体
and if you look carefully, you can see a high density object,
那是金属的
that's metal,
那就是使它中毒的铅片
and that is the piece of lead that was poisoning him.
在这个地区中 猎人经常会使用铅弹
Across the region, hunters often use lead ammunition,
这些铅弹会射进猎物体内
which shatters inside the animals they hunt.