BBC地平线：我们该关了动物园吗？（2016）

一个多世纪以来 去动物园参观
A visit to the zoo has been a staple
已经成为许多家庭的生活重要组成部分
of family life for more than a century.
我们大部分人都会记得小时候去动物园
A lot of us will remember the experience of seeing
看到第一头野生动物时的感受
our first wild animal at the zoo as a child.
但是否到了动物园深刻反思他们工作的时候了
But is it time that zoos took a long, hard look at what they do?
动物园 如果仍像以前那样运作的话
Zoos, if they stay as they are,
将不可避免地走向倒闭
inevitably will become extinct.
百姓将不再去动物园
The public will just stop going to them.
我是丽兹·邦妮 曾在动物园里研究和工作
I'm Liz Bonnin. I've studied and worked in zoos,
我观察到了动物们可以有多聪明
and I've observed just how intelligent animals can be.
追追和挠挠 它想跟你玩追追和挠挠
Chase and tickle, he wants to chase and tickle with you now.
我也想跟你玩追追和挠挠
I want to chase and tickle with you too!
但是随着动物研究发现的增多
But the more science is revealing about animals,
关于为什么要把动物关在动物园里
the more difficult questions are being raised
和如何圈养它们的疑问也随之增多
about why and how animals are kept in zoos.
为什么动物园在明知圈养大象
Why are zoos still keeping elephants
会让其预期寿命减半时 仍要把它们关起来
now that we know captivity can halve their life expectancy?
我们只是更加清楚地意识到 并没有...
To us it just became more and more clear that there was no...
并没有行之有效的办法
there was no way to really make this work.
我们也想在夜晚能安然入睡
We want to be able to sleep at night.
是不是圈养让海洋世界的虎鲸杀了它的驯鲸员
Did captivity drive one of SeaWorld's orcas to kill his trainer?
没有任何证据证明
There is no evidence whatsoever that there is
它因为住在动物园中
any mental aberration that is a result of
而精神失常
living in a zoological park.
为什么很多动物园中的动物表现出来的行为
Why do so many zoo animals exhibit behaviours
在野外很少见到
that are hardly seen in the wild?
这的确说明生存环境有问题
It does indicate that something is not right.
在拯救濒危动物大作战中
Is the battle to save endangered animals
动物园是否无法获胜
one that zoos can simply never win?
我们觉得自己像是人类文明的清洁工
We feel like janitors of the human culture.
我们在努力收拾这场烂摊子
We're trying to clean this mess up.
我最终想弄清楚动物园是否需要通过改变
I want to ultimately find out if zoos need to change,
来更好地服务动物和人类
to serve animals and humans better.
又或者它们是否应该淘汰在历史中
Or if they should be consigned to history.
地平线 我们该关了动物园吗
在哥本哈根动物园的一天
A day out at the zoo, in Copenhagen.
2014年 该动物园提供的一次科普教育
In 2014, the zoo offered families an educational experience that
可能让有的人感到不适
some might find disturbing.
一只名为马吕斯的两岁长颈鹿被捕杀
A two-year-old giraffe called Marius was culled,
然后在人前解剖 直接喂给了狮子
then dissected in front of them and fed to the lions.
这一切揭开了一项其他动物园
What happened here lifted the lid on a practice
很少能公开接受的举动
few other zoos embrace so publicly.
今天我来到这里再次目睹它的发生
Today I'm here to see it happen again.
哥本哈根动物园已经捕杀了另一只动物
Copenhagen Zoo has culled another animal.
这次是一只貂羚
This time it's a sable antelope.
她是怎么被捕杀的 你们用了什么方法
How was she culled? What method did you use?
她是用步♥枪♥射杀的
She was shot with a rifle
如果你想看的话 就能看到
and you can see, if you want to,
她被射中眉心
that she was shot right in the brain here.
这部分工作当然并不让我们感到愉快
And obviously, this is not a very enjoyable part of our job,
麦斯·贝特尔森
哥本哈根动物园 兽医
但关键是这样做
but the key here is to do it
才能让动物们不用经历接下来要发生的事
so the animals have no idea what's coming
还得又快又准
and it has to be swift and efficient.
捕杀马吕斯引起了全球性的抗♥议♥浪潮
The culling of Marius triggered a global storm of protest.
死亡的红色长颈鹿马吕斯
收到批评的有班特·霍尔斯特
In the firing line was Bengt Holst,
动物园的研究主管
director of research at the zoo.
班特 你对民众的反应
Bengt, were you surprised by the reaction,
对捕杀马吕斯而受到的强烈抵♥制♥震惊吗
by the backlash that you got because of the culling of Marius?
的确震惊 因为这样的事情我们已经做了
Yes, very much indeed, and that's because we have done this,
班特·霍尔斯特
哥本哈根动物园 研究与保护主管
我们运用这种理念超过三十年了
we have used this concept for more than 30 years here in the zoo,
我们对狮子和熊也这么做
and we have done it with lions and with bears
还有豹子 羚羊和其它许多不同的动物
and leopards and antelopes and a lot of different animals,
最近才开始对长颈鹿这么做
not with giraffes until now.
但这真的很奇怪
But it was really strange
因为我们以前从没看过这种反应
because we have never had this reaction before.
这可能看起来很残忍♥
It may seem cruel,
但捕杀动物是随着动物园的现代化而产生的
but culling has come about with the modernisation of zoos.
在十九世纪 当动物园刚刚起步的时候
In the 19th century, when zoos began,
大部分的动物都是从野外捕获的
most of the animals were taken from the wild.
动物园会在春季时订购动物
Zoos would order animals for spring time,
因为新的季节要来了
you know, because there was a new season
大卫·汉考克
1975至84年 西雅图伍德兰动物园园长
你把它们带进来
and you'd bring them in
如果它们能活过夏天 那很好
and if they survived the summer, that was great,
但如果不能 下一年多买♥♥点动物就好
but if not, you'd just order some more next year.
自20世纪80年代以来 动物园致力于
Since the 1980s, zoos have aimed to develop
发展一套和自然界更为积极的关系
a more positive relationship with the natural world.
如今我们更注重自然保护
Today it's much more conservation-minded.
从野外把所有动物带回来是违背道德的
It's ethically wrong to take all animals in from the wild,
所以我们努力让尽可能多的动物
so we strive at being self-sustaining
能做到自给自足
with as many animals as ever possible.
现在 动物园里超过90%的动物
Now, more than 90% of the animals
都是在圈养中出生的
in zoos are born in captivity.
而园里的动物有将近90%的物种
And around 90% of all species kept
在自然界中不是濒危物种
are not endangered in the wild.
园里的动物在全球各个动物园间进行交♥配♥
Animals are carefully paired across zoos around the world
以避免近亲繁殖和确保基因多样性
to avoid in-breeding and to ensure genetic diversity.
但这么做有一个后果
But there is a consequence.
如果你想认真地进行动物育种
If you want to do serious breeding with animals,
想在遥远的未来能有个健康的种群
where you go for a healthy population far into the future,
那么不可避免的
then you cannot avoid having,
在某个阶段就会出现繁殖过剩的情况
at some stage, if they breed well, a surplus.
因为动物园不可能正好培育出
That's because zoos can't breed
能维持一个可持续种群的动物
just the animals they need to maintain a sustainable population.
举个例子 你不能走进一家商店
You cannot go into a shop
然后买♥♥三只雄性和四只雌性的动物
and buy three males and four females,
假设那是你的种群所需要的比例
for example, if that's what you need for your population.
你得让它们繁衍
You have to let them breed
而你也无法预测性别比例会是多少
and you cannot predict what is the sex ratio.
在哥本哈根 之所以会培育出过剩的动物
At Copenhagen, surplus animals are also produced
是因为动物园用特殊的方法来保障动物福利
because the zoo takes a particular approach to animal welfare.
这只动物是这个计划里过剩的
This particular animal is considered surplus to the programme,
因为它的基因已通过它众多手足
in the sense that her genes are already represented fairly well
表达得相当不错了
through numerous of her siblings.
这只羚羊的父母和马吕斯的父母一样
The parents of this antelope, just like Marius's parents,
不是在国际育种计划里面配对的
were not paired in the international breeding programme.
相反 哥本哈根决定允许它们交♥配♥
Instead, Copenhagen decided to allow them to breed,
而不像其他动物园一样阻止它们
rather than use methods to stop them, as other zoos do.
为什么要捕杀它而不是采用避孕措施
Why cull, as opposed to using contraceptives?
因为如果采用避孕措施
Because by using contraceptives,
就剥夺了动物的交♥配♥繁殖行为
you take away the breeding behaviour from the animals.
我觉得能给动物们一个机会
I think it's very important that
去尽可能多地表达它们的自然天性
we give the animals an opportunity to perform
是件很重要的事情
as much natural behaviour as ever possible.
而交♥配♥繁殖就是自然天性中的重要部分
And breeding behaviour is a big part of that natural behaviour.
如果这部分没了 动物福利就有问题了
If you take away that part, you have a welfare problem.
你减少了它们的福利
You reduce their welfare.
在捕杀它们之前
Before considering culling,
动物园也考虑过把过剩动物转到其他动物园
zoos look at moving surplus animals to other zoos.
但地方是有限的
But space is limited,
而那些对育种计划有价值的动物
and priority is given to housing animals that are valuable
才会有优先权
to the breeding programmes.
其实这也说明了并没有什么过剩动物
This sort of proves that there are no surplus animals.
任何事物都要各司其职
Everything has a role to play.
尽管哥本哈根的政策十分有争议
As controversial as Copenhagen's policy is,
也许是最令人震惊的
perhaps what's most surprising is
是他们执行的开放程度
how openly it's carried out here.
我们不知道其他有多少动物园
It's not known how many other zoos