BBC地平线：我们该关了动物园吗？（2016）

在虎鲸表演时下水
from being in the water during orca shows.
这些圈养的虎鲸是否患有精神疾病
The question of whether killer whales might suffer
这个问题始终没有得到回答
psychological problems in captivity remains unanswered.
科学家们对海豚的认知能力
Scientists have investigated
进行了研究
the cognitive capacities of dolphins,
海豚和虎鲸同属鲸目动物
members of the cetacean family that includes orcas.
这只海豚在镜子前
So this is one of the dolphins in front of the mirror,
洛莉·马里诺博士
基米拉动物保护倡议中心
它在进行所谓的应急检查
and you can see he's doing something called contingency checking.
它的头做出奇怪的动作
He's making strange motions with his head to see
以检验镜子里的它是否也在做同样的动作
if the image in the mirror is doing the same thing,
一旦它发现了镜子里的就是它
and once he figures out that that's him in the mirror,
它就会继续利用镜子
then he goes on to use the mirror
以很多不同的方式来探究自己
to explore himself in a lot of different ways.
这是其中的一个例子
So here's one example of that.
我倒着时是什么样子
What do I look like upside down?
看起来美极了
It's a beautiful thing to watch.
这里有另一只海豚
And here's another dolphin
人们骗它相信
who has been fooled into believing
它的胸鳍下做了一个记号♥
that he has been given a mark under his pectoral fin
它在镜子前游动
and he's actually moving in a way
来检查胸鳍下
in front of the reflective surface
是否真的有记号♥
to see if there is an actual mark there.
这真是非常特别 引人注目的行为
It's extraordinary behaviour, it's compelling behaviour.
这个研究告诉我们
What this research tells us is that
这些生物是有自我意识的
these beings have a sense of self.
它们知道自己是什么
They have a sense of who they are,
自己看上去是什么样
what they look like
以及它们身处的环境
and what their circumstances are.
它们知道昨天镜子里的是它们自己
So they know it was them yesterday,
今天镜子里的是它们自己
it's them today in the mirror,
明天依然还是它们自己
and it will be them tomorrow.
但科学研究还未证明
But science has yet to determine
这些有着复杂认知能力的动物
whether animals with complex cognitive capabilities
被圈养后是会经受更大的痛苦
suffer more, or in fact can adapt well,
还是能够适应得很好
in captivity.
海洋世界有他们自己的观点
SeaWorld have their own view.
我认为鲸目动物的智力水平
With the relative intelligence of cetaceans,
正是它们在动物园被圈养后
it's actually, I think, what has allowed them
能够茁壮生长的原因
to thrive so well in zoological settings.
这是因为与某些只想独自生活
And that's because, unlike some species of animals
不想受到人类干扰的
that just want to be by themselves
动物不同
and want nothing to do with humans,
鲸目动物明显可以与我们顺利协作
cetaceans clearly work readily with us.
因此我们能够
And that's why we're able
为它们提供精心的照料
to provide such remarkable care for them.
海洋世界里虎鲸的福利
The welfare of SeaWorld's orcas
正在经受前所未有的仔细检查
is under scrutiny like never before.
加利福尼亚海岸委员会批准了
The California Coastal Commission approved
海洋世界数百万美元的计划
SeaWorld's multi-million-dollar plan
以扩展它在圣地亚哥的养殖池
to expand its pools in San Diego.
但前提是必须停止繁殖虎鲸
But only if it stops breeding orcas there.
海洋世界正对这项规定提出异议
SeaWorld is challenging the ruling.
你是否想象过在未来的某一天
Do you envisage a time in the future where,
有了科学证据之后
with scientific evidence,
你们决定不再圈养虎鲸
you will choose not to keep killer whales in captivity any more?
而是圈养别的经过实证证明
And keep other animals that have been shown to thrive
能够茁壮生长的动物
through hard, empirical data?
不 我不去想象那样的未来
No. I don't imagine that future,
因为我知道我们的虎鲸在我们提供的栖息地里
because we know our killer whales are thriving in the habitats
正在茁壮生长
where we keep them now.
海洋世界发表了一篇论文
SeaWorld has published a paper
说明它们养的虎鲸和野生的虎鲸寿命一样长
showing their orcas live as long as those in the wild.
独♥立♥科学家们正在研究如何反驳
Independent scientists are working on rebuttals,
他们对海洋世界采用的研究方法表示怀疑
due to concerns about the methodology they used.
我们差不多已经
We've sort of reached the point
联合作出了结论
where we just conclude as a society
没有充分的数据可以表明
that there are no solid data
圈养的虎鲸能够茁壮生长
that they can thrive in captivity.
这只是海洋世界的表面工作
It's all hand-waving from SeaWorld.
因此我们需要推断出这是不正确的
And so, we need to conclude that this isn't appropriate any more.
这是一种不适宜在动物园生存的物种
This is a species that isn't suitable for a zoo life.
地平线在海洋世界拍摄之后 这家公♥司♥宣布停止虎鲸繁育计划
海洋世界表示此决定受公众态度变化的影响
海洋世界的29头虎鲸将会是其最后的圈养虎鲸
底特律动物园认为他们找到了
Detroit Zoo believes it's found a way
能够使他们的北极熊茁壮生长的方法
to enable its polar bears to thrive,
但这种方法代价高昂
but it's come at a hefty price.
他们称之为北极生活圈
They call it the Arctic Ring of Life
目前是两只北极熊的家 一只公一只母
now home to just two polar bears, a male and a female.
北极生活圈
占地超过6500平方米
At over 1.6 acres,
这块区域面♥积♥是之前的八倍多
this enclosure is more than eight times the size of the old one.
但这不是它的唯一特点
But that's not its only key feature.
我们认为北极熊需要有一些选择余地
We believe the bears have to have some choices.
这个栖息地设计了两个独♥立♥的区域
The habitat was designed... There are two separate habitats,
所以它们有机会选择
so they have opportunities to choose
是和另一只熊待在一起还是不待在一起
to be with another bear or without another bear.
当北极熊在野外活动的时候
Choice is an important part of
做选择是它们自然行为的一个重要部分
a polar bear's natural behaviour as it moves around in the wild.
它们做很多决定
They're making lots of decisions.
它们根据猎物的多少 决定在哪里生活
They're choosing where to be based on prey abundance,
是否吸引配偶等等
mate availability, that kind of thing.
所以也许提高圈养动物福利的方法
So it could be that really the solution for these animals in zoos
就是让它们做更多的决定
is to allow them to make more decisions,
让它们更有决策权
give them more control,
乔治娅·梅森教授
圭尔夫大学
让它们的日常中有更多可变性
give them more day to day variability.
所以与其想着
So rather than thinking,
我们要给它们提供巨大的围场
oh, no, we have to give them giant enclosures,
不如采用更富有想象力的方法
the solutions could be more imaginative.
看见那个向上的斜坡了吗
You see how the hill goes up?
对于熊来说 它们最重要的感觉之一
For bears, one of their most important senses to them
斯科特·卡特
底特律动物园 首席生命科学家
就是嗅觉
is their sense of smell.
当它们爬到栖息地顶部的时候
And so there's nothing blocking the wind
没有东西会挡住风
when they go to the top of the exhibit.
三家美国动物园在2013年的研究显示
According to a 2013 study by three American zoos,
生活在能增加活力的环境里
polar bears with stimulating environments
并且能看到围场以外景色的北极熊
and a view out of the enclosure
规癖行为的数量显著下降
show significantly less stereotypic behaviour.
底特律动物园称在新的栖息地里
Detroit Zoo say they see less stereotypic behaviour
北极熊的规癖行为比以前少
with their bears here than in their old enclosure.
这一点尚未得到量化 但已经很鼓舞人心了
This hasn't been quantified yet, but it is encouraging,
考虑到这样的动物不适合
considering animals like these are not suitable
放归野外
for release back into the wild.
那样它们很可能无法存活
It's highly unlikely they could survive.
那么我们能如何评价这些北极熊现在的生活呢
So what can we say about the lives of these polar bears now?
我认为它过得相当不错
I would say, I believe she has a pretty good life.
那样说太主观了 仅代表个人观点
That is so subjective. That's just me.
从它出生起我就认识它了
I've known her since she was born
也许我完全错了
and I could be totally wrong.
但我相信它的生活是有意义的
But I believe she has the things that are meaningful.
这片围栏花费了大约1600万英镑设计修建
This enclosure cost around $16 million to design and build.
用那样大的投入
At that kind of price,
来满足像北极熊这样的动物的福利
trying to meet the welfare needs of animals like polar bears
使得动物园必须做出艰难的选择
forces zoos to make hard choices.
如果你想保质 就必须放弃量
If you want quality, you have to give up on quantity.
你不可能养所有的动物
You can't do every animal.
你不可能集齐所有的动物种类
You can't have a postage stamp collection
还指望所有的动物都能茁壮成长
and expect to be able to have all the animals thrive.
让圈养动物不止存活 更要茁壮成长
The emphasis on animals thriving in captivity,