望远镜400年的故事（2009）

解说：伽利略1616年到罗马,
(narrator) GALILEO WENT TO ROME IN 1616,
为哥白尼理论
GIVING LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS
作演讲和示范
OF THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM.
他给公众讲解新揭示的宇宙时
HE ENCOURAGED OTHERS TO PEER THROUGH HIS TELESCOPE
鼓励人们透过他的望远镜进行观察
AS HE EDUCATED THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE NEWLY REVEALED COSMOS.
罗马教皇 保罗五世 提出要对这些激进思想
THIS CAUSED POPE PAUL V TO REQUEST AN OFFICIAL JUDGMENT
进行一场官方裁决
ABOUT THESE RADICAL IDEAS.
毕竟 圣诗104章里面说
AFTER ALL,PSALM 104 SAYS,
"上帝奠定了地球的基础
"THE LORD GOD LAID THE FOUNDATION OF THE EARTH
它永远不会被移♥动♥"
THAT IT NOT BE MOVED FOREVER."
天主教神学者认为
AND THE CATHOLIC THEOLOGIANS THOUGHT
这句话排除了地球是可动的
THAT RULED OUT A MOVING EARTH,
可地球运动却是哥白尼理论要点之一
SOMETHING THAT WAS ESSENTIAL FOR THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM.
解说：教会认定
(narrator) THE CHURCH CONCLUDED THE IDEA
太阳固定在太空中心的观点
OF THE SUN STANDING STILL IN THE MIDDLE OF THE HEAVENS
在哲学上是愚蠢及荒谬的
WAS FOOLISH AND ABSURD IN PHILOSOPHY
并正式认定为异教
AND FORMALLY HERETICAL.
因此罗马教皇手下的神学顾问
SO THE POPE'S LEADING THEOLOGICAL ADVISOR
逼迫伽利略放弃
INSTRUCTED GALILEO TO CEASE PROMOTING THE SUN-CENTERED
与地心说对抗的日心学说
OVER THE EARTH-CENTERED SYSTEM.
许多年里 伽利略服从了这个禁令
FOR MANY YEARS, GALILEO OBEYED THIS ORDER.
1623年当他的朋友马菲欧·巴贝利尼
WHEN IN 1623 HIS FRIEND MAFFEO BARBERINI
成为罗马教皇乌尔本八世
BECAME POPE URBAN XIII,
伽利略觉得他可以重新
GALILEO FELT HE COULD RETURN
写有关哥白尼理论的东西了
TO WRITING ABOUT THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM.
但是 在他所写的
BUT IN HIS BOOK
《关于两种世界体系的对话》 一书当中
DIALOGUE CONCERNING THE TWO CHIEF WORLD SYSTEMS,
伽利略走得太远了
GALILEO WENT TOO FAR,
他嘲弄禁令 教会
MOCKING THE PROHIBITION, THE CHURCH,
甚至 间接地 针对罗马教皇
AND,INDIRECTLY,THE POPE.
恼怒的罗马教皇将伽利略召到罗马
INCENSED,THE POPE SUMMONED GALILEO TO ROME
将他扔给宗教裁判所
AND SUBJECTED HIM TO THE INQUISITION.
经过一番激烈的谈判
AFTER SOME TENSE NEGOTIATIONS,
伽利略最后屈服于一场控辨交易
GALILEO AGREED TO A PLEA BARGAIN.
他以承认指控来换回一条性命
HE CONFESSED THE ALLEGED ERRORS IN RETURN FOR HIS LIFE.
在大庭广众面前 伽利略被勒令
BEFORE A LARGE AUDIENCE, GALILEO WAS ORDERED
宣读一份包含以下内容的长篇声明
TO READ A LONG STATEMENT WHICH CONTAINED THE WORDS,
"我发誓放弃 诅咒 及厌恶 我的错误及异端"
"I ABJURE,CURSE,AND DETEST MY ERRORS AND HERESIES."
伽利略在软禁里度过了余生
GALILEO SPENT THE REST OF HIS LIFE UNDER HOUSE ARREST.
科尔巴利： 现在很容易
(Corbally) IT'S EASY,
从我们所处的21世纪
FROM WHERE WE STAND IN THE 21ST CENTURY,
回顾历史并说 " 这些人错了 "
TO LOOK BACK AND SAY, "THESE PEOPLE WERE WRONG."
他们是错了 但他们并非愚笨
YES,BUT THEY WEREN'T DUMB.
他们只是必须经历一个
THEY JUST HAD TO GROW AN UNDERSTANDING
理解和接受新科学的过程
OF THIS NEW SCIENCE.
科学及天文学的最终目的是什么
AND WHAT WERE THE PROPER OBJECTS OF THIS SCIENCE AND ASTRONOMY,
而神学和我们对
AND WHAT WERE THE PROPER OBJECTS OF THEOLOGY
上帝的理解呢？
AND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF GOD?
解说：当一代代的教会不断
(narrator) WHILE THE CHURCH WOULD STRUGGLE FOR GENERATIONS
跟哥白尼的学说作斗争的同时
WITH THE COPERNICAN MODEL,
天文学家们迅速在从事改良望远镜设计的工作
ASTRONOMERS PROMPTLY SET TO WORK AT IMPROVING TELESCOPE DESIGN.
伽利略等人的望远镜
TELESCOPES LIKE GALILEO'S
拓展了我们的太空视野
IMPROVED OUR VIEWS OF THE HEAVENS,
但透镜有基本的缺陷
BUT THE LENSES HAD FUNDAMENTAL DEFECTS.
象所有用单透镜聚光的望远镜一样
LIKE ALL TELESCOPES THAT USE A SINGLE LENS TO COLLECT LIGHT,
这些仪器会把不同颜色的光线
THESE INSTRUMENTS FOCUS LIGHT OF DIFFERENT COLORS
聚焦到略微不同的点上
TO SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT POINTS.
透镜越厚时 这种效应产生
THIS EFFECT PRODUCES A BLURRED IMAGE THAT GROWS WORSE
的图像越模糊
AS THE LENS THICKENS.
解决方案是对透镜进行整形 使望远镜
ONE SOLUTION IS TO SHAPE THE LENS SO THAT THE TELESCOPE
焦距拉长
HAS A LONG FOCAL LENGTH,
制♥作♥长度超过几英尺的镜筒
CREATING TUBES UP TO SEVERAL HUNDRED FEET IN LENGTH.
伽利略之后的一个世纪
A CENTURY AFTER GALILEO,
天文学家找到了正确的方法
ASTRONOMERS FOUND A WAY TO CORRECT
能修正多数颜色模糊
MUCH OF THE COLOR BLURRING
且不用单纯地把镜筒加长的办法
WITHOUT HAVING TO CREATE ABSURDLY LONG TELESCOPES.
18世纪20年代
IN THE 1720s,
一名律师——
A GENTLEMAN WHO WAS A BARRISTER--
法律工作者 而不是科学家
HE WAS A LEGAL TYPE RATHER THAN A SCIENTIST.
名叫切斯特·摩尔·霍尔 住在伦敦
HIS NAME WAS CHESTER MOOR HALL, AND HE LIVED IN LONDON.
他用不同种类的玻璃做了许多实验
HE DID SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS
他相信通过一个解决方案
THAT LED HIM TO BELIEVE THAT THERE ACTUALLY WAS A SOLUTION
可以解决这个问题 通过结合
TO THIS PROBLEM, THAT YOU COULD COMBINE
二种类型的镜片制♥造♥出的透镜
TWO SORTS OF GLASS TO MAKE A LENS
可以使人们得到一个
THAT WOULD GIVE YOU AN IMAGE
不再受花花绿绿的颜色困扰的图像
FREE FROM THESE PSYCHEDELIC COLORS.
他取得了成功 制♥造♥出这样一种透镜
HE ACTUALLY SUCCEEDED, AND HE MADE A LENS
能让望远镜长度短得多
THAT WAS CAPABLE OF BEING TURNED INTO A TELESCOPE
而且传递的图像
OF MUCH SHORTER LENGTH AND DELIVERING IMAGES
色彩明快而鲜艳
THAT WERE PERFECTLY CRISP AND SHARP IN TERMS OF THE COLOR.
天文学因此
AND ASTRONOMY THEN
向前迈出一大步
TOOK A GIANT STEP FORWARD,
因为无色差望远镜成了
BECAUSE THE ACHROMATIC TELESCOPE BECAME THE INSTRUMENT OF CHOICE
所有天文学家选择的工具
FOR ALL ASTRONOMERS.
解说：折射望远镜时代的巅峰
(narrator) THE ERA OF GREAT REFRACTING TELESCOPES
是在19世纪末
REACHED ITS HIGH POINT AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
以两具美国建造的仪器为标志
WITH THE CONSTRUCTION OF TWO AMERICAN INSTRUMENTS.
吉科斯和李斯客天文台的望远镜
THE TELESCOPES OF THE JIRKES AND LICK OBSERVATORIES
代表了19世纪的最高水平
REPRESENT THE BEST OF THE 19TH CENTURY.
但透镜如此之重以至它们
BUT THE LENSES WERE SO HEAVY
在自身重力作用下一点点地形变
THAT THEY DEFORMED UNDER THEIR OWN WEIGHT IN SLIGHT WAYS
即使以今天技术仍无法克服
THAT EVEN TODAY'S TECHNOLOGY CANNOT OVERCOME.
这限制了这类望远镜
THIS LIMITED THE SHARPNESS OF IMAGES PRODUCED
所产生图像的清晰度
BY THESE TELESCOPES.
而在李斯客天文台巨大的镜管
BUT A FEW HUNDRED YARDS FROM THE ENORMOUS TUBE
数百码外
AT LICK OBSERVATORY,
一具新型的望远镜展现着
AN ENTIRELY NEW TYPE OF TELESCOPE EMBODIED A DESIGN
体现艾萨克·牛顿灵感的设计
INSPIRED BY ISAAC NEWTON.
在伽利略将他的第一只望远镜
60 YEARS AFTER GALILEO TURNED HIS FIRST TELESCOPE
对准天空60年之后
TOWARD THE HEAVENS,
牛顿构思了一个巧妙的方法
NEWTON CONCEIVED A CLEVER METHOD
来会聚望远镜的光线
TO COLLECT AND FOCUSIGHT IN TELESCOPE
1668年 牛顿设计建造出一台
IN 1668,NEWTON DESIGNED AND BUILT A TELESCOPE
基于这一项原理的望远镜
BASED ON THIS PRINCIPLE.
牛顿的设计需要一面弧形的金属镜
NEWTON'S DESIGN CALLED FOR A CURVED METAL MIRROR
它将光线反射并会聚到一面小平面镜上
THAT REFLECTED AND FOCUSED LIGHT ONTO A SMALL FLAT MIRROR,
平面镜接着将光线
WHICH IN TURN BOUNCED THE BEAM OF LIGHT
反射进入管子旁边的透镜
ONTO A LENS AT THE SIDE OF THE TUBE.
反射式的设计避免了
THIS REFLECTING TELESCOPE DESIGN AVOIDS THE COLOR BLURRING
早期折射式望远镜产生的色差现象
CREATED IN EARLIER REFRACTING TELESCOPES.
牛顿死于1727年
NEWTON DIED IN 1727.
接下来的世纪里科技的进步
THE FOLLOWING CENTURY SAW TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
使人们能够建造出
THAT ENABLED THE CONSTRUCTION
性能越来越好的反射式望远镜
OF INCREASINGLY BETTER REFLECTING TELESCOPES.
当牛顿制♥造♥他的第一台反射式望远镜时
WHEN NEWTON MADE HIS FIRST REFLECTING TELESCOPE,
他用材料是一种金属合金
THE MATERIAL HE USED WAS A METAL ALLOY
后来被称作镜用合金
WHICH LATER BECAME KNOWN AS SPECULUM METAL.
一大难题是它会失去光泽
ONE OF THE DIFFICULTIES IS THAT IT TARNISHES,
因此随着时间逝去 其表面失去了光泽
SO OVER TIME,THAT SURFACE FADES IN ITS LUSTER,
你就必须再次抛光
AND YOU HAVE TO REPOLISH IT.
事实上 即使刚抛完光
IN FACT,EVEN WHEN THESE THINGS ARE NEWLY POLISHED,
反射能力也只剩下大约30%
THEY STILL ONLY HAD A REFLECTING POWER OF ABOUT 30%.
直到19世纪50年代 一个法国人
AND IT WASN'T UNTIL THE 1850s THAT A FRENCHMAN
找到了解决这一问题的另一种办法
WORKED OUT THAT AN ALTERNATIVE WAY OF TACKLING THIS PROBLEM
即造出一面玻璃镜子
WOULD BE TO MAKE A MIRROR OF GLASS
然后覆盖上一层薄薄的金属涂层
BUT THEN TO COAT IT WITH A THIN LAYER OF METAL,
事实上 银
IN FACT,SILVER,
基本上给你的反射能力远远超过
AND BASICALLY GIVE YOU A SURFACE THAT WAS FAR MORE REFLECTIVE
以前的金属镜面
THAN THE OLD SPECULUM METAL SURFACES.
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