望远镜400年的故事（2009）

往里
FARTHER INWARD,
土星 木星 及火星这些行星
THE PLANETS SATURN, JUPITER,AND MARS
每一个都作为独♥立♥的水晶球体被植入
WERE EACH EMBEDDED IN SEPARATE CRYSTALLINE SPHERES.
包括太阳 金星 及水星的部分
THOSE THAT CARRY THE SUN,VENUS, AND MERCURY
静止在离我们更近的地方 月球在所有星体中离
LAY STILL CLOSER TO US, WITH THE MOON NEAREST OF ALL
我们不完美的地球最近的
TO OUR IMPERFECT EARTH,
而地球则位于宇宙中心
WHICH ITSELF LAY AT THE CENTER OF IT ALL.
希腊的哲学家 克劳迪亚斯·托勒密
THE GREEK PHILOSOPHER CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
用一系列组合的圆周表示轨道
GAVE THIS GEOCENTRIC VIEW A MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION
给予地心说一个数学基础
THAT USED COMBINATIONS OF CIRCLES TO REPRESENT ORBITS.
利用这个新的模型
WITH THIS NEW MODEL,
托勒密有信心去预测
PTOLEMY COULD PREDICT WITH SOME CONFIDENCE
行星的可能位置
THE FUTURE POSITIONS OF PLANETS.
但是这么做很复杂
BUT IT WAS COMPLEX.
金格里希：有一个奇妙的故事
(Gingrich) THERE'S A WONDERFUL STORY
是关于13世纪西班牙国王阿方索的
ABOUT KING ALFONSO OF SPAIN IN THE 13TH CENTURY,
一个超越其手下的天文学家
WHO WAS LOOKING OVER THE SHOULDERS OF HIS ASTRONOMERS,
一个通过建立表格来
WHO WERE MAKING TABLES FOR CALCULATING
计算行星位置的人
THE POSITIONS OF PLANETS.
据传阿方索曾说过
AND ALFONSO IS SUPPOSED TO HAVE SAID,
"假如我参与造物
"IF I HAD BEEN PRESENT AT CREATION,
我会给上帝一些提示 "
I COULD HAVE GIVEN THE GOOD LORD SOME HINTS,"
意思是托勒密的系统
THE IDEA BEING THAT THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM
真的是太过复杂
WAS PRETTY COMPLICATED.
解说：在伽利略将望远镜对准 星光闪耀的太空
(narrator) NEARLY 70 YEARS BEFORE GALILEO TURNED HIS TELESCOPE
之前约70年
TO THE STARRY SKY,
尼古拉斯·哥白尼挑战 传统信念
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS CHALLENGED CONVENTIONAL BELIEFS
他认为托勒密的
BY SUGGESTING THAT PTOLEMY'S
地心说是错误的
GEOCENTRIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE WAS WRONG.
我猜哥白尼在研究让所有行星
I SUPPOSE THAT COPERNICUS WAS PLAYING AROUND
环绕太阳的
WITH SOME GEOMETRY
轨道间的几何关系
THAT PUT ALL THE PLANETS IN ORBIT AROUND THE SUN.
水星 在最里面 以88天为一个公转周期；
AND MERCURY,THE CLOSEST ONE, WENT AROUND IN 88 DAYS;
相邻的 金星 稍微长一些
VENUS,NEXT,A LITTLE LONGER.
再出来是地球 365天
THE EARTH WAS NEXT,365 DAYS,
毫无生机的土星处于这个系统的边缘出口
AND LETHARGIC SATURN WAY OUT AT THE EDGE OF THE SYSTEM.
哥白尼一定被这个艺术化的布局
AND COPERNICUS MUST HAVE BEEN GREATLY STRUCK
强烈地震撼了
BY THIS AESTHETIC ARRANGEMENT.
他说 "我们没有任何其他办法
HE SAID, "IN NO OTHER WAY DO WE HAVE
"让轨道的大小 和行星周期之间
"SUCH A SURE HARMONIOUS CONNECTION
如此确定且和谐地对应"
BETWEEN THE SIZE OF AN ORBIT AND THE PLANET'S PERIOD."
解说：哥白尼想要构建一个模型
(narrator) COPERNICUS WANTED TO CONSTRUCT A MODEL
它会是 按他说的 "让人更心情愉悦的． "
THAT WOULD BE,AS HE PUT IT, "MORE PLEASING TO THE MIND."
一个以太阳为中心的宇宙 比起以地球为中心的模型
A SUN-CENTERED COSMOS SEEMED SIMPLER AND MORE ELEGANT
似乎更简单更优美
THAN THE EARTH-CENTERED MODEL.
这是非常荒谬的
IT WAS THE HEIGHT OF RIDICULOUSNESS.
哥白尼没有任何物理依据
COPERNICUS DIDN'T HAVE ANY PHYSICS FOR IT.
他的日心说
THERE WAS NO PHYSICAL PROOF
没有任何物理证明
OF THAT HELIOCENTRIC ARRANGEMENT.
但它是一种精彩的美学构想
BUT IT WAS A WONDERFUL AESTHETIC IDEA,
而且是正确的
AND IT WAS RIGHT.
解说：从我们以地球为参考的角度看起来 太阳、月亮 和星星
(narrator) FROM OUR EARTHBOUND VIEW, THE SUN,MOON,AND STARS
是从固定不动的地球上空划过
MOVE ACROSS THE SKY WHILE EARTH STANDS STILL.
因此哥白尼的宇宙模型 不仅有悖
SO COPERNICUS' MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE CONTRADICTED
当时的科学理论 而且也有悖于常识
NOT ONLY THE SCIENCE OF THE DAY BUT ALSO COMMON SENSE.
金格里希：当时多数天文学家
(Gingrich) MOST ASTRONOMERS IN THE GENERATIONS
在1543年,
IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING 1543,
当哥白尼公开他的巨作时
WHEN COPERNICUS PUBLISHED HIS GREAT MASTERPIECE,
立即将这本书奉为
THOUGHT OF THAT BOOK AS A RECIPE BOOK,
计算行星位置的一本秘籍
THE WAY YOU COULD CALCULATE THE POSITIONS OF PLANETS.
他们并不在意日心说
THEY DIDN'T WORRY ABOUT THIS HELIOCENTRIC IDEA,
对他们而言似乎如此荒谬地
WHICH SEEMED TO THEM SO ABSURD,
将地球丢入如此令人晕眩的运动之中
TO THROW THE EARTH INTO SUCH DIZZYING MOTION.
解说：1610 年一月,
(narrator) IN JANUARY 1610,
伽利略对木星的观测
GALILEO'S OBRVATIONS OF THE PLANET JUPITER
为哥白尼的理论提供了证据
PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT COPERNICUS' THEORY
哥白尼看来是对的
MAY BE ACCURATE.
［意大利语］
[man speaking Italian]
翻译：还有一件事
(translator) THERE REMAINS THE MATTER,
依我之见 要算
WHICH,IN MY OPINION, NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED
所有当中最重要的
THE MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL,
那就是从未被当时
THE DISCLOSURE OF FOUR PLANETS NEVER SEEN
世人所见的四颗卫星的发现
FROM THE CREATION OF THE WORLD UP TO OUR OWN TIME.
解说：伽利略指的是对木星的观察
(narrator) GALILEO IS REFERRING TO HIS OBSERVATIONS OF JUPITER.
在研究了这颗最大的行星一个星期之后
AFTER A WEEK OF STUDYING THE LARGEST PLANET,
他意识到他看到的那些围绕这颗行星的星体
HE REALIZED THAT THE STARS HE SAW
一定是它的卫星
MUST BE MOS ORBITING THE PLANET.
他论证说 既然在绕日轨道运行的木星
HE ARGUED THAT IF JUPITER COULD HAVE MOONS IN ORBIT
有绕着自己运行的卫星
WHILE IT ORBITS THE SUN,
那么同样也在绕日轨道上运行的地球
THEN EARTH COULD ALSO HAVE A MOON IN ORBIT
也可以有月球作为卫星
AS THEY ALSO ORBIT THE SUN TOGETHER.
［意大利语］
[man speaking Italian]
翻译：我们亲眼看到四颗卫星
(translator) OUR OWN EYES SHOW US FOUR STARS
围绕在木星的周围
WHICH WANDER AROUND JUPITER
如同月亮绕着地球
AS DOES THE MOON AROUND THE EARTH
同时全部一起跟着太阳
WHILE ALL TOGETHER TRACE OUT A GRAND REVOLUTION
在太空中作周期为12年的巨大绕转
ABOUT THE SUN IN THE SPACE OF 12 YEARS.
我们对哥白尼系统
HERE WE HAVE FINE AND ELEGANT ARGUMENT
进行了深入细致的辩论
FOR THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM.
解说：伽利略还发现
(narrator) GALILEO ALSO DISCOVERED
金星也经历与我们的月亮非常相似的周期
THAT VENUS GOES THROUGH PHASES MUCH LIKE OUR MOON,
这些关键的观测 巩固了哥白尼模型
CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS THAT SOLIDIFIED THE COPERNICAN MODEL.
而他对太阳的观测
BUT HIS OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUN POSED THE GREATEST CHALLENGE
给广泛盛行的神学带来最巨大的挑战
TO THE PREVAILING THEOLOGY.
伽利略是最早用望远镜
GALILEO WAS ONE OF THE FIRST FOUR PEOPLE
观察到太阳黑子的四个人之一
TO OBSERVE SUNSPOTS WITH A TELESCOPE.
在观察他们时
AND AS HE OBSERVED THEM,
他看见 太阳黑子以一种有规律的方式
HE SAW THEM CARRIED ACROSS THE SOLAR DISK
被携带着通过日面
IN A REGULAR FASHION.
伽利略根据观测结果总结出
AND GALILEO CONCLUDED FROM THAT OBSERVATION
太阳是自转的
THAT THE SUN ROTATES.
但同等重要的是 太阳上这些瑕疵
BUT OF EQUAL IMPORTANCE WERE THE PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS
的哲学意义
OF THE PRESENCE OF THESE BLEMISHES ON THE SUN,
它们使太阳显得不那么完美
MAKING THE SUN APPEAR LESS PERFECT
或者甚至就是不理想的物体
OR EVEN AN IMPERFECT OBJECT.
解说：一个常见的误区是认为
(narrator) A COMMON MISCONCEPTION
是哥白尼把地球从宇宙的中心
IS THAT COPERNICUS DETHRONED EARTH
特权的位置废黜
FROM ITS PRIVILEGED PLACE IN THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE.
五个世纪前人们
BUT THIS IS NOT HOW PEOPLE
不是那样想象宇宙的
THOUGHT ABOUT THE COSMOS FIVE CENTURIES AGO.
他们相信地球是宇宙中
THEY BELIEVED EARTH WAS THE UNIVERSE'S
物质和精神的最终归属
SPIRITUAL AND PHYSICAL LANDFILL.
反映这一点的
REFLECTING THIS,
是哥白尼最喜爱的学生
COPERNICUS' MOST DEVOTED STUDENT,
约阿希姆·勒提库斯 所写的
JOACHIM RHETICUS,WROTE,
”地球已然升起
"THE GLOBE OF THE EARTH HAS RISEN
在太阳屈尊为宇宙中心的时候”
WHILE THE SUN HAS DESCENDED TO THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE."
伽利略的观察支持了哥白尼
GALILEO'S OBSERVATIONS REINFORCED COPERNICUS'
以太阳为中心的日心说模型
SUN-CENTERED HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
并直接挑战
AND DIRECTLY CHALLENGED THE BELIEFS
罗马天主教会的宗教信仰
OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
这是一个充满新思想 新发现的时代
SO THIS WAS A TIME OF NEW IDEAS, NEW DISCOVERIES,
当然 伽利略和他用望远镜所做的工作是其中的一部分
JOINED,OF COURSE,BY GALILEO AND HIS WORK WITH THE TELESCOPE.
问题是
THE PROBLEM WAS,
它威胁到了
IT WAS THREATENING THE PHILOSOPHY
教会对上帝认识的哲学基础
THAT UNDERPINNED THE CHURCH'S UNDERSTANDING OF GOD.
而此时北方的新教
AND THEN WE HAD THE PROTESTANTS TO THE NORTH
正再次挑战罗马教会
AGAIN CHALLENGING THE CHURCH.
逼着它只好审视自己
SO WHAT IT HAD TO DO WAS LOOK INTO ITSELF
尝试找到其真正立足点
AND TRY AND FIND WHERE ITS REAL ANCHORS WERE.