你体内的鱼（2014）

And then a hindbrain.
然后是后脑，
That's a fundamental division,we see that in development
这里是基本的分隔点，我们在发展过程中见到，
and we see that based on where the nerves exit the brain.
我们见到那是神经从大脑延伸出去的地方
Well, if you follow the similar nerves in a shark
如果你跟着鲨鱼身上那相似的神经
what you see is sharks too have that same structure.
你会见到鲨鱼也拥有同样的结构
A forebrain,a midbrain and a hindbrain.
前脑，中脑…和后脑
There's a fundamental architectural similarity among all brains.
那是一个基本的建筑结构…在所有的脑之中
The brains of people, the brains of dogs, the brains of cats,
人类的脑，狗的脑，猫的脑…
the brains of monkeys, lizards,frogs, salamanders, trout, bass.
猴子的脑，蜥蜴，青蛙，蝾螈，鲑鱼，鲈鱼…
Even sharks is fish are similar.
即使鲨鱼的鱼脑…也是相似的
Each one of them has a forebrain and a midbrain and a hindbrain,
他们每一个，都拥有前脑、中脑和后脑
despite the fact that those brains are often
尽管如此，这些脑通常…
very different in function and form.
有着非常不同的功能和形状
But that's not the end of the story.
但这不是故事的结束
The fundamental architecture of our own brains
我们大脑的基本建筑学
can be traced back even further than fish
可以回溯到甚至在鱼之前
to a surprisingly primitive animal
到一个让人惊讶的原始动物，
that doesn't even really have a brain.
它甚至不能说真的拥有脑
But I've got to FIND these tiny creatures first.
但我首先必须找到这个微小的生物
Right, OK. Well,we could start trying around here.
呃，好的，我们可以试试看这里，
X marks the spot?X marks the spot.
就从这里开始？
Let's give it a go.
那就开始吧
This is Peter Holland, a world-renowned geneticist,
这位是彼得.哈蓝德，声誉卓著的遗传学家
and Head of Zoology at Oxford University in England.
并是英国牛津大学的动物学系主任
OK, so what do I do?Just shake it.
好的，我要怎么做？
Shake and bake, huh?
使劲的摇就是了，对吧？
I'll make it look so easy.
我会让这看来很简单
Like that? No? No.
像这样吗？没有？
They'll be pretty obvious because they'll start,
会相当的明显，因为它们会开始…
they'll really swim around.
它们会开始到处游
The water makes the digging slightly harder. It does.
这水让挖堀变的有点困难
You got one. There's an amphioxus.
有一条了，那是条文昌鱼
Whoa! Look at that little guy go.Hey.
哇！看看这小家伙，嘿！
Just dip it in the water and you'll see it'll flick around.
把它浸到水里就能看见，它们会跳…
Boy, they really flick.There, you see?
哇，它们真的在跳
Hey, that's beautiful.Look at that.
嘿，这真漂亮，看看这个
Which is the front?
那一边是头？
It doesn't look like much, but this tiny creature, called amphioxus,
这看起来没什么了不起，但是这个小生物，叫做文昌鱼…
has much to tell us about our own brains.
可以告诉很多关于我们大脑的事
That is cool.OK, that ranks as cool.
这太酷了，真的是太酷了
英文"amphioxus"也和鱼没有关系，如果真要说，它可能更像是虫。
"文昌鱼其实不是鱼，它是一种由无脊椎动物过渡到脊椎动物的远古生物，
OK, so let's take a look at a couple of these.
好的，让我们来观察一下它们
So I've brought this from the anatomy lab in Chicago,
我从芝加哥的解剖室带来这个…
this is a human brain.
这是人类的脑
And when I look at this,
而当我看着它，
I don't find any obvious similarities to that.
我看不到任何明显的相似处…和那个
Deep in the genes of this animal,in the development,
在这个动物的基因深处，在发展过程中，
and deep in the genes of us and the development of us,
和我们的基因深处，我们的发展过程中，
there are the similarities.
他们是相似的
They're pretty active.Holy cow!
它们非常活泼，我的天！
Oh, that is beautiful.God, they're so clear, too.
哇，这太美了…天啊，它们几乎是透明的
You can see right through them,it's amazing.
你可以直接透视它们，真了不起
Amphioxus lives in the sand of the ocean floor,
文昌鱼生活在海床的沙子里头
filtering algae out of the water.
滤食水里的藻类
It's from an incredibly ancient group of animals.
它来自于相当久以前的一群远古生物
We've found fossils that look a lot like this in rocks
我们在岩石中找到和这非常相似的化石
that are over 500 million years old.
它们超过了五亿年
They are a window into what came before the first fish.
这是一扇窗户，可以看到在第一条鱼出现前是什么
And crucially they don't have anything like what we'd call a brain
重要的是，它们没有任何我们称之为"脑"的东西
The simple nerve cord that runs the length of their body
简单的神经索从头到尾的通过它们身体
ends with just a tiny swelling invisible to the naked eye.
结束在一个肉眼见不到的微小隆起之上
If you look at the front end of this animal,
如果你观察这只动物的前端
you don't see it all expanded into a large skull or brain region.
你不会看到扩张的头骨或是脑的存在
It's just pointed.
就只是个尖头
But if you look at the genetic makeup of these ancient creatures,
但是如果你观察这远古生物的基因组成
you find something truly remarkable.
你会发现非常惊人的事
To make the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain that we saw in our lab,
要打造出我们在解剖室中看到的前脑，中脑和后脑…
you need a series of control genes
你会需要一系列的调控基因…
to tell the cells within the developing brain where they are.
去告诉细胞在脑的生长过程中该在哪里
They're like a zip code.
它们就像是邮政编码
Those same control genes that make our own brains
那些打造我们大脑的相同调控基因，
are active in amphioxus
也活跃在文昌鱼体内
but here they're simply building the primitive nerve cord,
但在这里，它们只单纯打造着原始的神经索
and the tiny swelling at its front.
还有那个在前端的微小隆起
This means that the genetic roots of our complex primate brains
也就是说，复杂灵长类大脑的基因根源，
existed in much simpler creatures
存在于一个非常简单的生物，
that first arose over 500 million years ago.
第一次出现…是在将近五亿年前
I think it gives us a glimpse into where our brains came from,
我觉得这让我们得以一窥，我们的大脑是从哪里来的
into the basic organisation of the brain of our ancestors.
在我们祖先…这最原始的脑部结构之中
I find that mind-blowing.
这太让人震惊了
It's just an exciting animal.He knows you're talking about him.
这真是让人兴奋的动物
See? He's going.That's right!
没有错，看，它在动了
You can see the muscle blocks working, there.
你可以看到那些肌肉在运作，那里…
You know, and I think to an evolutionary... He's jumped off.
而我认为对演化史…它跳出来了
Oh, he hopped.Sorry.
哇，它蹦走了
He's going Tiktaalik on us.He's going land-living.
它要仿效提塔利克鱼，它要登陆了
He's gone for the next transition.Exactly.
它要展开下一个过渡期
He's in the Devonian now.
它现在回到了泥盆纪
'The search for our inner fish has taken me from high in the Arctic...'
我体内的那条鱼，将我从北极的高地…
Here was the snout of exactly the creature we were looking for.
"这就是我们在找的生物，该有的口鼻部"
'..to the plains of Africa.'
…带到非洲的平原
I just want to run down here and start collecting fossils.
"我只想跑过来然后开始收集化石"
Let's go.
"开始吧"
'As well as deep inside our own DNA.'
也将我带到了DNA的深处
And today we saw a little tiny worm
今天我们在这里看到的…一条小虫子，
living in the mud here in the bay
生活在这里…海湾的软泥之中，
that contains genes that we have that sculpt our own brains,
携带的基因，是我们用来雕刻出人类大脑的基因
the organ that gives us many of our unique properties.
一个让我们如此独一无二的器官
We've seen how our distant relatives, from worms to fish,
我们看到了遥远的祖先，从虫到鱼
from reptiles to early primates,have defined our bodies.
从爬行类，到早期灵长类…为我们的身体下了定义
At each new stage of our journey along the tree of life,
在我们旅程中的每一站，沿着生命之树…
our ancient animal ancestors have reconfigured what's gone before.
我们远古的动物祖先，重新装配了之前的构造
And that's how we ended up as the intelligent creatures,
而那让我们最终成为了…一个有智慧的生物，
with all our quirky flaws,that dominate the planet today.
带着各种古怪缺陷…统治了这颗星球
There's something incredibly profound and I think beautiful
有一件事是无比的深奥，但我觉得相当美…
in the idea that inside every organ,cell and gene of our body
就是…我们身体里的每个器官，细胞和基因…
lie deep connections to the rest of life on our planet.
都和这个星球上所有的其他生命，紧紧心手相连