你体内的鱼（2014）

'From the badlands of Ethiopia to the coasts of Florida.'
从衣索比亚的荒原，到佛罗里达的海岸，
Whoa. Look at that little guy go.
哇！看看这个小家伙
'In the bones of ancient creatures'
在远古生物的骨骸之中，
and deep inside your own DNA...
和你DNA的最深处，
..lies an incredible story.
藏着一个不可思议的故事
The story of your body and why you're built the way you are.
一个关于你身体的故事，和它们为何是今天的模样
You are a cutie.
你…真是可爱！
'The shape of your hands,your rich colour vision,
你手部的形状，你丰富的彩色视觉
'the way you walk and even the structure of your brain...'
你走路的方式，甚至是你脑部的结构…
I find that mind-blowing.
太让我震惊了
'..can all be traced back to ancient primates
全部都可回溯到远古的灵长类，
'living in an ancient forest.'
生活在远古的森林
My name is Neil Shubin.
我的名字是…尼尔.舒本
As an anatomist, I look at human bodies differently from most people.
身为解剖学家，我看人类身体的方式和多数人不同
Within us,I see the ghosts of animals past.
在我们身上，我看到过去动物的魅影
Distant ancestors who shaped our anatomy in surprising ways.
遥远的祖先…以惊人的方式打造了我们的身体
Prepare yourself for a trip back to an ancient world.
准备好…让时光倒流至远古世界
If you really want to know why you look the way you do...
如果你真的想知道…你为何是今天的模样…
It's time to meet your inner monkey.
是时候…见见你体内的猴子了
【第三集．完结篇】你体内的猴子
你体内的鱼．进化之路
If you go down to your local ice rink,
如果你去到你们当地的滑冰场，
you might not expect to find evidence of your ancient evolutionary past.
你也许不会期待能找到…关于你远古时期的进化证据
But if you know how to look,
但是如果你知道要看哪里，
there's a story written in the bodies of these skaters,
那里有一个故事…写在这些滑冰者的身体之中，
and every one of us.
和我们每个人之中
Anyone who's fallen on the ice
任何一个在冰上跌跤的人，
knows there's one bit of your body you don't want to land on.
都知道有一个身体部位，你不会想让它着地
It's a remnant from a time when our ancestors looked like monkeys...
它是残留物，来自于我们祖先看来像是猴子的那段时期，
complete with tails.
它连结着尾巴
Each of us have a vestige of our tail inside of us.
我们每一个人…身体都留有尾巴的痕迹
演化生物学家
尼尔.舒本
We call that the coccyx.
我们叫它"尾骨"
And that sits at the base of our spine.
它位于我们脊椎骨的最底部，
When we fall on that,it really can hurt.
当我们摔着那里，那可真叫痛
And the coccyx is just the beginning.
而尾骨…才只是开始，
Inside all of us is a record of our ancient primate past,
我们身体的每一处，都记录着我们远古灵长类的过往
what I like to call an inner monkey.
我想把这称作…体内的猴子
The way we see the world,
我们观察世界的方式，
the way we walk...
我们走路的方式…
..and even the way we think,
甚至是我们思考的方式，
can all be traced back to a time
全部都可回溯到从前
when our ancestors lived in the trees.
当我们的祖先…生活在树林间时
If you have a hard time believing we have an inner monkey...
如果很难让你相信，我们的体内有只猴子
..try meeting modern-day monkeys face to face.
试着亲自来见见这些现代的猴子
In a sense, these guys,
某种意义上，这些小家伙，
squirrel monkeys,are our distant cousins.
松鼠猴…是我们的远房♥表亲
That is so cool.
这太酷了
Hey, bub.
嘿，小兄弟
It's hard not to look at these guys and feel a deep connection
看着这些小家伙，你很难不去感受到那深深的连结
in a way that you don't feel to fish.
这是你在鱼身上不会感觉到的，
When you look in their eyes...
当你注视着它们的眼睛…
When you see their hands.
当你看着它们的手，
You see the little nails and how they grab this little nut,
你看到那些小指甲…还有他们抓着坚果的样子
just like I'm holding it here.
就像我现在拿着的一样，
I mean, it's hard not to feel something powerful connecting you.
我是说，很难不去体验到…那种强烈的连结
But the power of that is also scientific,
但那强烈的感觉是有科学根据的
the power of that is in the anatomy,in the bones,
那感觉在身体结构里，在骨头里，
and also in the fossils that show us the history we share with them.
同时在化石里…诉说了那段我们共享的时光
We're primates,monkeys and apes and people.
我们是灵长类，猴子和猩猩…还有人类
But we're all part of the same branch of the tree of life,
但是我们都在生命树的同一个分枝上，
and all primates are different from other mammals
而所有的灵长类…和其他的哺乳类都不一样
in having certain features that other mammals don't have.
我们有一些特征是其他哺乳类没有的
We have a certain shape to our skull, our eyes face forward.
我们的头盖骨有固定的形状，我们的眼睛是朝前的，
We have a particular kind of hand that can grasp.
我们有独特的双手，可以抓住东西
We share an evolutionary relationship with them.
我们和它们共享了一段演化历程
To see what I mean, imagine all life that has ever existed
要了解我的意思，想像一下所有在这颗巨大生命树上…
on a giant family tree,
曾经存在过的生命
from the first microscopic life billions of years ago
从数十亿年前的第一个微观生命，
to all animals alive today.
到今天所有活着的动物
We didn't evolve from modern monkeys.
我们不是从现代猴子进化来的
But if you trace our ancestry back in time,
但是，如果你回溯我们的祖先到过去，
eventually we reach a point
最终，我们会来到一个点，
where the human line and the lines of all primates meet.
那里是人类分枝，和所有灵长类分枝的交会点
This is where our story begins.Our common ancestor.
这里就是我们故事的起点，我们的共同祖先
The ancestor of every monkey,ape and human alive today.
今天这星球上所有猴子、猩猩和人类的祖先
So what did that common ancestor look like?
所以，我们共同的祖先看起来是什么样子？
And how has it shaped our own bodies?
它是如何打造了我们的身体？
1870.
1870年
A surgeon from the Civil War has returned to his pre-war passion -
一位从南北战争归来的外科医生，重拾了他在战前的热情，
hunting fossils in the Wild West.
…在大西部寻找化石
In Wyoming territory,he finds a jawbone
在怀俄明州，他找到了一块下颚骨，
he thinks might belong to something like a small raccoon.
他认为大概是属于某种小浣熊的
In fact, he's found a creature that lived some 50 million years ago,
事实上，他找到的是一个活在约五千万年前的生物，
and occupied a place on our family tree very close to the first primates.
并在我们的族谱上占了一个位置…非常接近最早的灵长类
I've come to meet this creature called notharctus.
我去见了这个生物，叫做北狐猴，
And a scientist who knows every inch of its bones, Jonathan Bloch.
还有…对它每一寸骨头了若指掌的科学家…强纳森.布拉克
This is a 50-million-year-old primate skeleton.
这是一具五千万岁的灵长类骨骼，
It gives us a window straight into the world
这打开了一扇直达过去的窗口，
of what the earliest primates would have been doing,
让我们看到最早期灵长类可能的生活，
how they would have been interacting with their environment.
以及它们是如何和环境互动的
Wow.That's the amazing thing.
哇，这太了不起了
This is the real deal.
这实在了不起
That is absolutely exquisite.
这简直太美妙了
Like most modern monkeys,
如同大多数的现代猴子，
notharctus was a climber,
北狐猴是个攀爬者，
adapted to life in the trees.
适应了在树林间的生活，
The evolution of this creature,and others like it,
这个生物的演化过程，和其他类似它的…
had a huge impact on one of the features that most defines us...
对一个最能定义我们的特征…有很大的影响
..our hands.
…我们的手
One of the things that's really nice about this hand
关于这只手…其中有一件很棒的事，
is that we do have all of the bones preserved.
就是我们保存了所有的骨头
It's a jigsaw puzzle. You put it all together to see how that...
这就像拼图一样，你把它们拼在一起，然后…
It's a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle.
这是一个三维的立体拼图
To solve the puzzle of notharctus's hands,
要拼出北狐猴手部的拼图，
you have to begin even further back in time.
你必须要再往回走的更远
Over 365 million years ago,
到三亿六千五百万年前，
ancient fish used their fins to crawl out of the sea.
远古鱼类，用它们的鳍爬出了海洋
Those fins evolved into the feet of reptiles,
那些鳍…进化成了爬行类的脚
and later into the paws of mammals,
接下来，变成了哺乳类的脚掌
with short fingers that all pointed the same way, and claws.
拥有朝着同一个方向的短指头…和爪子
Early primates like notharctus
北狐猴这样的早期灵长类，
took the mammalian hand to a whole new level,
将哺乳类的手带到一个新的层级，
one that seems very familiar to us.
那个和我们非常相像的层级
When you actually articulate all of these bones
当你仔细的把这些骨头连接起来，
what you see is that the thumb is divergent,
你可以看到姆指是朝不同方向的
that is it forms an angle with the index finger.
它和食指之间形成了一个角度
And so that shows you that it could bring its thumb into opposition
所以这让姆指可以和其余的手指
with the rest of the digits.
有一个对立的方向
Notharctus also has unusually long fingers
北狐猴也拥有相当长的手指
and nails instead of claws.
和取代了爪子的指甲
This is one of the first times in the fossil record
这是我们在化石纪录中第一次看到，
that we see a hand that looks like our own...
一双看起来和我们一样的手
..the hand of a primate.
灵长类的手
It's a turning point in the story of the human body,
这是人类身体故事的转捩点
an anatomical change
一个结构上的改变
that would eventually let us shape the world around us.
这最终让我们能够打造周围的世界，
So what were early primates doing with these new hands?
那么，早期的灵长类都拿这双新手做些什么呢？
Just pull it up like that.
从这里拉紧，
To find out,I'm going up into the habitat
为了弄明白，我要上去到…
where my ancient ancestors actually lived,
我的远古祖先实际上生活的地方，