你体内的鱼（2014）

Clearly some early human took a stone, a hammer stone,
显然一些早期的人类拿了块石头，一块锤石，
and struck it right there,and got this.
敲击这个地方…然后得到这个
Oh, yeah. That striation, yeah.
有了，那是敲痕，没错
Feel that edge.
感觉一下边缘
You could use it to strip off meat or whatever.
你可以用它来刮肉…或是其他的
From this rock you can tell where they hit it, how they hit it.
从这块石头你可以看出他们敲了哪里，他们如何敲，
It's almost like a time machine you have. It is.
这几乎就像是个时光机一样
It's a time machine that takes us back to a period
这是一个时光机，将我们带回到一个时期，
when the faintest glimmers of what it means to be human
当…代表人类意义的那一丝微弱光芒…
are beginning to emerge.
…开始显露出来
The use of the hand, the cognition,
手的使用，认知能力
the repeated behaviour to produce a stylised tool.
重复性的行为…去制♥造♥出具体的…工具
It's mind-blowing.
非常了不起
Can we look for tools?I want to find a tool.
我们可以找一下工具吗？我想找到工具
No, that's natural.No, this is one.
不是，那是天然的
You've found one!
你找到了一个
Making tools takes excellent vision,
制♥造♥工具需要一流的视觉
fine motor skills and a brain that can integrate the two.
良好的动作技能…以及可以将它们结合的大脑
We humans only have this sort of brain
我们人类…只拥有这种类型的大脑，
because it's been shaped by our ancient primate past.
因为它是由我们的远古灵长类过往所塑造出来
Monkey, ape or human,
猴子，猩猩或是人类，
our brains share a basic architecture
我们大脑共享的基本建筑学，
that's different from most other mammals.
和其他多数哺乳类都不同
We all have a special region involved with hand-eye coordination.
我们都有一个特殊区域负责手眼协调能力
And a greatly expanded visual system,
还有大幅扩张的视觉系统
with as much as 40% of the brain involved in seeing.
也就是说有40%的脑，参与到视觉
Our inner monkey hasn't just shaped our bodies,
我们体内的猴子不只是打造了我们的身体，
it's shaped our brains as well.
也同样打造了我们的脑
But if you look at the modern world around us,
但是如果你观察这个我们周围的现代世界
and everything humans have been able to build,
还有人类建造出来的一切，
from satellites to skyscrapers...
从人造卫星到摩天大楼，
..there's no doubt we're more intelligent than monkeys.
毫无疑问的，我们比猴子更聪明
So what changed?
所以是什么改变了？
What made our brains so different from those of other primates?
是什么让我们的脑如此不同，比起其他的灵长类？
Hi, Neil Shubin.Hi, Neil, Tom Burbacher,
嗨，尼尔.舒本
welcome to the Infant Primate Lab.
欢迎来到"灵长类幼儿实验室"
This is the monkey place, huh?This is the monkey place.
这里是猴子的家，对吧？
Tom Burbacher studies monkeys
汤姆.柏巴克研究猴子，
in order to answer questions about our own brains.
希望能够回答我们对大脑的疑问
He's going to show me an experiment
他将要让我看一个实验，
that demonstrates an important difference between our brains
那将展示了重要的差异，在我们的脑…
and the brains of a monkey.
和猴子的脑之间
But the differences aren't what you might expect,
但差异之处也许不是你所期待的样子，
especially when we're young.
尤其是当我们还年轻
Monkey on the set.
猴子已准备
Monkey on the set.Neil, this is CI.
猴子已准备
She's a three-month-old pig-tailed macaque.
她三个月大，是豚尾狝猴
This experiment tests something called object permanence.
这个实验是要测试所谓的"客体永久性"
In other words, whether this monkey knows an object still exists when she can't see it.
换句话说，这只猴子是否知道
It's a developmental milestone for both monkeys and humans.
这是发育上的转折点…对猴子和人类都是
You're going to put a piece of fruit on the toy itself.
我们把一小块水果…放在玩具上面…
You'll place it in the well.
然后将它放在这里，
She's looking at it. There.
她注意到了
And you'll move that to completely hide that toy.
然后拿过来，把玩具很好的藏起来
OK.
好的
Oh, wow.There you go. There you go.
噢，哇!
Wow. That is impressive.
哇！印象深刻
Object permanence. Boom, boom.
客体永久性
Three months old and already CI understands object permanence.
只有三个月大，但CI已经可以体会客体永久性
CI, you are good.
CI，你好棒
Hi, Geneva, how are you?You are a cutie.
嗨，洁妮瓦，你好吗？你…真可爱！
Geneva is the same age as the baby monkey.
洁妮瓦和猴子宝宝同样年纪
I'm going to do the exact same test on her,
我将要对她进行完全一样的实验
under the expert eye of child development specialist
陪伴我的，是儿童行为发展专家…
Professor Susan Spieker.
苏珊.史皮克教授
She needs to reach for them,show that she's interested.
她需要伸手去触摸，表现出她是有兴趣的
I think we've got interest.She's got a good reach. You do.
我想我们引起兴趣了
Oh, Geneva, you like those.
喔，洁妮瓦，你喜欢这个
Hello.
哈罗
Now, Neil, can you get them away?Oh, I'm an expert at this.
好的，尼尔，你可以把它拿过来吗？
Can I take that for a second?Sorry, it'll be temporary.
可以给我一下吗？对不起，只是暂时的
You are so good that way.I'll pop it in.
你的表现真好，我放进去了
Make sure she's watching.She's watching.
_要确定她有看到
Now we'll cover it up, watch this.
现在我们把它盖起来…
And she wonders, "What did you do,Neil?" What toys?
她很惊讶，"你都干了什么，尼尔？"
I don't know where they went.Wow. That is amazing.
我不知道它们去哪里了
Where did they go?
它们去哪里了？
It is incredible. If it's not there, it doesn't exist.
这太难以置信了，如果它不在那里…它就不存在
Right. That is amazing.
太惊人了
So how come a baby monkey beats a baby human in this test?
猴子宝宝怎么会在这个测验中打败人类宝宝？
These tests are showing us
这个实验告诉我们，
how rapidly a particular region of our brain
我们脑中的个别区域，在发展过程中，
is wiring up in development.
有多迅速的就接上线路
And it's showing us comparatively that we wire up much slower
也告诉了我们，比较起来，
in this part of the brain than do monkeys.
比起猴子要慢上许多
Compared to other primates,we humans have an unusually long childhood,
相比于其他的灵长类，我们人类，
even if you take the different life spans into account.
就算你把平均寿命考虑进去也是一样
This SHOULD be an evolutionary disadvantage.
这应该会是演化上的劣势
But in fact,it's one of our greatest strengths.
但事实上，这是我们其中一个最大的优势
During childhood, our brains are being shaped by our environment and by our experience.
在童年期，我们的脑逐渐成型，经由环境…还有经验
Extending this phase gives us longer to learn and pick up new skills.
延长这个阶段，让我们有更多的时间学习，并熟练技能
Some think that this is a key part of what makes us so smart.
一些想法认为，这是让我们如此聪明的关键
But there are other factors too.
但是还有其他的因素
The brain is made up of vast networks of nerve cells,
大脑是一片巨大的网路，由神经细胞组成
called neurons,
称作"神经元"
that carry, process and store information.
它们携带、处理…并储存信息
The part of the human brain responsible for higher thought,
人类大脑的一部份，负责了更高等的思考
the cortex, contains more neurons
大脑皮层，拥有更多的神经元，
than that of any other animal on the planet,
超过这星球上所有其他的动物
an astonishing 16 billion.
是不可置信的一百六十亿个
These neurons are organised in a uniquely powerful way.
这些神经元，以独特的强大方式组织起来，
They're unusually interconnected.
它们有着超乎寻常的连结
This means we can do things that other primates can't.
也就是说，我们可以做到其他灵长类做不到的事
Build complex tools,compose symphonies,
打造复杂的工具，写出一首交响曲
and even investigate how our own brains work.
甚至是研究我们自己的大脑如何运作
But before we get too carried away with our own cleverness,
但是在我们被自己的聪明伶利冲昏头之前，
I want to inject a bit of humility.
我想要在这里加入一些谦卑
That means leaving monkeys behind
也就是说，先把猴子放在一边，
and going back to where this series began -
然后回到这个系列开始的地方，
my anatomy lab in Chicago,and my favourite subject, fish.
我在芝加哥的解剖室，和我最喜欢的主题…鱼
The brain of a fish and the brain of a human have more in common than you might think.
鱼的脑…和人的脑，比你所认为的…拥有更多共同点
This is a trip to the beginning,this is as basic as it gets,
这是旅程的起点，这就是最基本的了
we're going human, fish,
这里是人类…和鱼
represented by a cartilaginous fish,
由软骨鱼做代表，
a shark, on the right.
鲨鱼，在右手边
And what you have is you see the muscles and nerves and organs inside the shark head.
你在这里可以看到的是，
But importantly,you see this yellow tissue,
但是更重要的，你看到这个黄色的组织
this is the front end of the spinal cord, it's the brain,
这是脊髓的前沿，这是脑
It doesn't look like much,but it's the shark brain.
看起来没什么了不起，但这是鲨鱼的脑
This is the human brain.
这是人类的脑
This is where it all happens for us,where our memories reside,
这是所有事情发生的地方，我们存放记亿的地方，
where our inner fears, our loves,our hates, it's all in here.
我们内心的恐惧，我们的爱，我们的恨，全在这里
The human brain, really at the surface level looks nothing like
人类的脑，从表面上来看，真的一点也不像…
what's sitting inside the shark head.
这个在鲨鱼头骨里面的东西
Yet when you know how to look, you find a very profound similarity
但是当你知道如何观察，你会发现非常…惊人的相似之处
and that similarity lies in the overall architecture of the brain itself
而那相似处，就在脑本身的建筑结构之上
In the human, we have a forebrain
以人类来说，我们有前脑
and that forebrain consists of this folded tissue here,
而前脑包含了…这些折叠起来的组织
where much of our conscious thought happens.
我们大多数的意识和想法发生的地方
And then there's a midbrain, this walnut-sized area in the middle.
然后这是中脑，这个核桃般大小的区域…位在中♥央♥