你体内的鱼（2014）

When you got to that detail, you realised it was a mosaic of anatomy
当你得到了这样的细节，你了解到…这是结构上的一个谜
that had never been encountered before.
以前从来没有人面对过
It suggests that Ardi could walk on two legs,
这显示了…阿尔迪可以用双腿行走
but not as well as later hominids like Lucy.
但比不上之后的人科动物像是露西
And the rest of her anatomy held surprises too.
其余的骨骼结构，也同样让人惊讶
Neither Lucy nor humans have the ability to grasp with their big toe,
露西或是人类…都没有以大脚趾抓握的能力
but this thing had full grasping ability.
但是这家伙…拥有完整抓握的能力
So she has a grasping foot that can walk. Yes.
所以她那可抓握的脚，还能行走？
Even the hands were a mosaic,
就连手也是个谜
incredibly long fingers,good for climbing,
不可置信的长手指，适合攀爬
but a shorter, humanlike palm.
但是有着较短，类似人类的手掌
And the bones show none of the telltale signs
而且骨头…没有显示任何迹象，
that she walked on her knuckles like a chimpanzee.
她是像黑猩猩一样用指节行走
So we now have a detailed picture of the crucial time
所以我们现在有了更详细的画面，诉说那关键时刻…
when our ancestors had just started walking on two legs.
当我们的祖先开始以双腿行走
Ardi was small,around four feet tall.
阿尔迪很娇小，大约四呎高
A good climber, she moved on all fours when in the trees,
是很好的攀爬者，在树上的时候四肢并用
but she walked upright when on the ground.
但在地上的时候，是直立行走
She blows the old theory of how we became bipedal out of the water.
她将我们如何成为两足动物的旧理论…彻底推♥翻♥
Not only did our ancestors start walking on two legs when still living in the woods,
我们的祖先不只是从住在森林的时候，就以双腿行走
they never looked or moved like our closest living relative,the chimpanzee.
他们看起来或动起来，
Some scientists don't accept this interpretation.
一些科学家们，不接受这个说法
They think Ardi isn't a human ancestor at all,
他们认为阿尔迪…根本不是人类祖先，
but the relic of an extinct ape.
只是已经灭绝的猩猩
But Tim's spent years studying many specimens of Ardipithecus.
但是提姆…花上许多年来研究地猿的样本
And he thinks the evidence is clear.
而他认为…证据非常明确
When we looked at the Ardi cranium
当我们观察阿尔迪的头骨，
we saw very small canines.
我们看到了非常小的犬齿
No other ape, living or fossil,has such reduced canines.
没有其他的猿类，活着的或是化石，有这类缩小的犬齿
That's a good indicator she's come in our direction a bit.
这是很好的线索，她是走在我们这个方向
Go to the pelvis. Same thing.
回到骨盆上，同样的，
A unique adaptation shared by humans and Lucy.
独特的适应变化，和人类与露西共享
We're still not sure exactly why
我们仍然不能完全清楚为什么…
a woodland climber needed to walk on two legs.
林地里的攀爬者，需要用双腿行走，
But thanks to Ardi,we now have a snapshot
但多亏了阿尔迪，我们现在有了一张快照，
of one of the most dramatic transformations
呈献了在我们这个物种的历史中，
in the history of our species...
其中一个最戏剧性的转变时刻
The transition from walking on four legs to walking on two.
从以四肢行走…转变到以双腿行走
This major change to our ancestral body plan
这个在我们祖先身体蓝图上…出现的巨大变化
has serious consequences for us today.
为今日的我们带来重大的影响
These consequences can be seen within our own bodies
这个影响可以在我们的身体上见到，
and they're not all good.
而它们不全部都是好事
This vault in the bowels of the Cleveland Museum Of Natural History
位于克里夫兰自然历史博物馆的这座保管库…
is the place to go if you want to find out
…是必须去的地方，如果你想要知道，
what can go wrong with the human skeleton.
人类的骨骼，可以出什么样的差错
Dr Bruce Latimer is an anthropologist and anatomist
布鲁斯.赖特曼博士，是人类学家和解剖学家
who was a curator here for many years.
他担任馆长已经有许多年
Well, this is the Hamann-Todd Collection,
这里是"哈曼托德收藏"
which is the largest collection of its type in the world.
这是全世界相关收藏中最丰富的
There are over 3,000 skeletons in this room.
这个房♥间中收藏了超过三千具骨骼
In each one of these drawers is a complete human skeleton.
这里的每一个抽屉中，都是一具完整的人类骨骼
They come from unclaimed bodies at a Cleveland morgue,
他们来自于克里夫兰停尸间的无名尸体
dating from the early 1900s.
可记录到1900年代初期
If you study these skeletons, one thing becomes clear pretty quickly.
如果你研究这些骨骼，有一件事会马上清楚明白，
The human back goes wrong.
人类的背出了问题
A lot.
大问题
There's an enormous amount of back problems.
那里存在着非常多背部问题
The pain must have been phenomenal
那痛苦必定是难以想像的
and you just see that all over this collection.
而你可以在这些收藏中清楚见到
Turns out, our bad backs are an unwelcome inheritance
原来，我们糟糕的背，是讨厌的遗传，
from our inner monkey.
来自我们体内的猴子
We took a skeleton like this that was essentially horizontal,
拿这具骨骼来说，它本来是水平的
we stood it upright.
我们直立站了起来，
We've had to change essentially every bone to allow us to do that,
事实上我们必须改动每一块骨头，才能够这么做
and we've forced it into this new position.
我们强迫进入了这个新的姿势
We have a problem going from this kind of animal
我们面对了问题…从像这样的动物…
into that kind of animal.
转变成那样的动物，
And our main problem is balance.
我们主要的问题是平衡
On all fours, the weight of our body hangs down from our spine.
四肢着地时，我们的体重由脊椎分散下来
But turn this body upright,and the weight is all out front,
但是将这个身体直立起来，体重全落到了前面
it puts us out of whack.
这打乱了结构
Totally out of balance.
完全失去平衡
In order to balance, we had to create this curve in your back
为了保持平衡，我们必须在背上创造这个弧度
and then your head would be back here, wouldn't it?
然后，你的头会跑到这个地方来，对不对？
So we had to create another curve here in the middle of your chest
所以我们必须创造另一个弧度，就在你的胸腔之中
and then your head would be sticking out of the front,
然后…你的头会往前伸出去，
so we had to create another curve in your neck.
于是我们必须再创造一个弧度在你脖子上，
So we have this S-shaped curve in our spine
然后我们的脊椎有了这个S型的曲线，
and we expect that to hold us up.
而且…我们期待它可以支撑住，
That is an engineering nightmare.
这简直是工程学上的恶梦
Our S-shaped spine is unique among mammals
我们S型的脊椎，在哺乳类中是唯一的
and it causes all sorts of problems.
而且它产生了各式各样的问题，
The vertebrae that make up the bones of your back
椎骨是组成你背部的骨头，
and the discs between them
还有它们之间的椎间盘
are put under a lot of pressure,
承受了非常大的压力
particularly the ones at the very apex of the biggest curve,
尤其是…那块在弧度顶点的椎骨…
the thoracic vertebra.
胸椎骨
If you take those thoracic vertebrae
如果你拿起这些胸椎骨，
and you push on them from the ends too hard,
然你你用力的从末端施予压力
what happens is this,
会发生这样的事，
you end up with what's called a wedge fracture.
你最后会发生所谓的"楔形压缩骨折"
That curve has crunched it.
那个弧度被压碎了
No other animal has anything even remotely like this.
没有其他动物有任何稍微类似的问题
It's a consequence of how we walk.
这是我们行走方式带来的结果
And it's not just fractured vertebrae.
而且不只是碎裂的椎骨
From slipped discs to sciatica,
从椎间盘突出到坐骨神经痛
our spines go wrong in all kinds of ways.
我们的脊椎以各种可能的方式出错
80% of all Americans
80%的美国人，
will complain of back problems at some point in their lives.
在他们一生中的某个时间点，会遭遇背部问题
Our inner monkey has a lot to answer for.
我们体内的猴子…要负起很大的责任
But I don't want you to get the wrong idea.
但是我不想要你误会…
Standing up on two legs wasn't all bad
用双腿站立起来，不全是坏事
or it never would have happened in the first place.
不然它一开始也就不会发生了
It freed our hands, an anatomical change that, combined with our amazing brains,
这释放了你的双手，
would eventually allow us to make tools
最终让我们能够制♥造♥工具，
and reshape the world around us.
并重新塑造我们周围的这个世界
This key moment in our evolutionary history
这个我们演化历史中的关键时刻，
is once again visible in the rocks of northern Ethiopia.
再一次的，可以在北衣索比亚的岩石中见到
So geologically, one of the things special about this is it has lots of layers.
地质学上来说，其中一件特别的就是…它有很多层次
Lucy's from one part of it and we're going to another, right?
露西来自其中一层，我们现在去另外一层，是吗？
That's right.
没有错
We've just jumped about 600,000 or 700,000 years in time.
我们大概会跳跃六十万到七十万年的时间长度
And that is kind of mind-blowing.Yeah.
这真的是很令人兴奋
Palaeontologist Bill Kimbel has brought me to a site
古生物学家比尔.金波，将我带到了一个地方，
where you can find stone tools that are over two million years old,
你可以在这里找到超过两百万年的石器工具，
if you know what you're looking for.
如果你知道要怎么找…
So what do I look for?
所以我要怎么找？
Well, you look for flakes on the ground.
呃，你要寻找地上的薄片，
Is that bone?
那是骨头吗？
That is a piece of fossil bone
那是一块化石骨，
and here is another one.
这里是另外一块
See, I can't find tool,but I can find bone. Yeah.
你看，我找不到工具，但找的到骨头
The important thing about tools is it's the hand and the brain, right,
关于工具的重点…就是手和脑…对吧，
it's both together.
…结合在了一起
Absolutely. You got one?
正是如此
Well, this is very typically...
呃，这是非常典型的…
I don't get this at all.
我完全看不懂
Yeah, I know, it looks like something from your driveway.
我知道…这看起就像是从你家车道捡来的
The tool Don's found was made by human ancestors called Homo habilis
唐找到的工具，是由人类的祖先…"能人"所制♥造♥
who lived a million years later than Lucy.
他们生活在露西之后的一百万年