你体内的鱼（2014）

up in the trees.
到树上去
Thankfully, I've got ropes.
感谢老天！我有绳索
My inner monkey's not what it used to be.
我体内的猴子现在没那么好使了
OK, ready?
好了，准备好了吗？
You got it. Natural!
你行的，这是本能！
Woo-hoo. A little knotty up here.
哇呼，这里有一点打结了
Push your hand jammer a bit higher so you can pull the rope through your crawl.
把钩环连接器调高一点，你就可以把绳子从中间穿过去
Woo-hoo! Thank you, Jim.
哇呼！谢啦，吉姆
This is utterly wild.
这简直太疯狂了
I mean, I was never a real climber as a kid,
我是说…我从小就不怎么会爬树
and I have to admit I'm a little scared of heights
而且我必须要承认…我有一点怕高
and uncomfortable in trees.
树上让我浑身不自在
But these creatures are so unbelievably agile all through here.
但这些小家伙在这里…是难以想像的灵活
This is their home.
这是它们的家
They are able to live on small branches,
它们能够生活在小树枝上，
big branches, throughout the tree.
大树枝上，在树林间穿梭，
They can jump branch to branch.
它们可以在树枝间跳跃，
You know, when you're in the tree,
你知道吗？当你在树上的时候，
what you see is that the canopy is not one place.
树冠层不是你看到的这个样子而已，
There are lots of environments,lots of niches up here,
这里有很多生态，很多的栖息地
and one special one is on the ends of the branches,
其中一个特别的地方…是树枝的末端，
because it's there where the flowers and the fruits and the insects are.
因为花朵、水果和昆虫都在那里…
So the rewards are great to be out there.
所以到那里去会有不少收获
We call it the fine branch niche.
我们把它叫做"细枝生态"
And for the earliest primates,
而对早期灵长类来说，
being able to get out there would have been really important.
拥有到达那里的能力，会是相当重要的
And that gives us a clue as to why their hands and feet evolved
而那给了我们一个线索…就是为何它们的手脚…
to be so different from what came before.
会进化的和之前如此不同
Creatures with really short fingers and claws,
拥有短指头和爪子的生物…
they're really great at crawling these big thick branches,
它们爬这些大又粗的树干没有问题，
but not so much when you get to the ends of the branches.
但是要到达树枝的末端可就有问题了
That's because this sort of hand can't grasp.
因为这样子的手没辨法抓握，
Lengthening the fingers and better still adding a divergent thumb
加长你的手指…更好的是…加上朝不同方向的姆指，
means you can curl your fingers around even the thinnest branches,
这代表你可以弯曲你的手指，环绕着最细小的树枝，
grasp them tight and remain stable.
紧紧抓住它们…并保持稳定
We think that's why the hands and feet of early mammals changed.
我们认为这是早期哺乳类手脚产生变化的原因
What you end up with are primate hands,
最终变成了…灵长类的手
wonderfully adapted to moving around the fine branches of trees.
精采的适应了树林生活，并游走在细枝之间
Embedded in our bodies is our distant past.
埋藏在我们身体里的，是遥远的过去，
The hand I use to write with,to type on the computer,
我用来写字的手，用来打键盘的手，
to throw a baseball,
扔出一颗棒球，
that hand has a long evolutionary history,
那双手…拥有一段漫长的进化历史
and one important point in that history was here
而那段历史中的一个关键，
in the trees, on the fine branches,
就在这些树林中…在这些细枝上
that made a hand with longer fingers and a thumb.
那让我们的手，有了较长的手指…和姆指
Life in the trees would lead to another critical change
树林间的生活，将为我们祖先的身体…
in our ancestors' bodies.
带来另一个重大改变
A change deep within their eyes...
它们眼睛之中的改变，
..as they began to see the world in rich colour.
它们开始看到这个世界…有着更多颜色，
I first got interested in the evolution of colour vision
我第一次对彩色视觉的进化产生了兴趣，
back in 2009.
要从2009年说起，
I was watching my two kids,Nathaniel and Hannah,
我当时看着我的两个孩子，纳森尼尔和汉娜，
playing a game called Hiss,
在玩一个叫"嘶嘶"的游戏，
where they'd match cards of a certain colour to make a snake.
他们要将卡片和对照的颜色组合起来，拼成一条蛇，
Nathaniel is about 3 and half years older than Hannah,
纳森尼尔大概比汉娜大了三岁半，
so he should whup her, right?But he consistently lost.
他应该赢的毫无压力，对吗？但他一直在输…
He would lose because he'd make mistakes with one kind of card,
他一直在输…因为他一直犯错在同一类型的卡片上，
which was purple and blue.
就是…紫色和蓝色的…
Oh!
哦！
Then we realised Nathaniel is slightly colour-blind.
然后我们了解到，纳森尼尔…有轻微的色盲
In a sense, he sees the world like early primates did
某种程度上，他看到的世界，就像早期灵长类看到的，
before they evolved our rich colour vision.
在它们进化出色彩缤纷的视觉之前，
Nathaniel can only see a limited range of yellows and blues
纳森尼尔只能看到受限的黄色和蓝色
and can't tell the difference between reds, greens and purples.
而且无法分辨红色、绿色和紫色之间的不同，
This means he's not so great at games like Hiss.
这代表了…他不是很适合玩"嘶嘶"这游戏，
But it doesn't affect his life much more than that and it certainly
但是这对他生命的其他部份并没有什么影响，
doesn't affect his ability to find food or to survive to adulthood.
肯定的也不会影响到他寻找食物…和成年后的生存能力
That wasn't the case for our primate ancestors.
但对我们灵长类祖先来说可不是这样
For millions of years,they'd been unable to tell
几百万年来，它们都无法分辨出…
the difference between fine shades of red and green.
红色和绿色之间的细微差异
Then, about 23 million years ago,
然后，大约在两千三百万年前，
one group of primates evolved the ability to see many more colours.
一小群的灵长类，进化出了可以看到更多色彩的能力，
Now, they could tell the difference between ripe red fruits
现在，它们可以分辨出…成熟的红色果实，
and unripe green fruits
和未熟的青色果实
and spot the most nutritious leaves.
并识别出最有营养的叶子，
In the evolutionary battle for survival,
在生存的进化战役之中，
this would have been a big advantage.
这带来了巨大的优势
So what happened to the eyes of our ancestors?
我们祖先的眼睛之中发生了什么事？
How did our rich colour vision evolve?
我们丰富的彩色视觉是如何进化出来的？
To help me answer those questions,I've come to Seattle,
为了找人帮助我了解这个问题，我来到了西雅图
to meet one of the world's experts on colour vision, Jay Neitz.
来见其中一位世界知名的彩色视觉专家…杰.奈兹
Oh, hey. Neil Shubin.Hey, great to meet you.
嘿，尼尔.舒本
Good to see you, great to be in the colour lab! Well, thank you.
很高兴见到你，很高兴来到色彩实验室！
I think we're off to a rocking start with these walls!
我想这些墙很好的说明了一切
This IS the colour lab. Yes, it is.
这的确是色彩实验室
So what's the drill here?
这里的步骤是什么？
'Jay has been studying colour vision for the last 25 years.
杰这二十五年来都在研究彩色视觉
'He combines cutting-edge genetics with studies on humans and other primates.'
他结合了人类和其他灵长类的尖端遗传学研究
Everything is cool about colour!
所有关于色彩的事都很酷！
It's a silent language that speaks to our emotions
这是无声的言语，道出了我们的情绪
and it's just fascinating.
这真的很迷人
It's a cool place, huh? Yep.
就是这里了，对吗？
This is where we test colour vision in the monkeys.
我们在这里测试猴子的彩色视觉
'His work helped scientists figure out that most mammals,
他的成果帮助了科学家…了解多数的哺乳类，
'including most primates,see a limited range of colours.'
包括多数的灵长类，能看到的受限色彩范围
This is Kramer.
这是克莱姆
Hi, Kramer.
嗨，克莱姆
Kramer is red/green colour-blind,
克莱姆是红色和绿色的色盲
but he has good yellow colour vision.
但是它有很好的黄色视觉
In order to train them, we use the colours that they CAN see, so
为了要训练它们，我们使用它们可以分辨的颜色，
you can see that here is this yellow blob against a grey background.
你可以看到这里…灰色背景中的黄色斑点，
Kramer can see that as well as we can.
克莱姆和我们一样可以看的到，
If they get it right,they get a little reward
如果它们做对了，会得到小奖励
and they also get a clicking sound.
它们也会听到卡嗒一声，
He tried to kiss it, there.He really did. He went, bop!
它想要亲它……它真这么干了，他像是…啪！
You can see how good he is at it.Yeah!
你可以看到他有多厉害
'Kramer aces this first test.'
克莱姆考了一个满分
You've done really well there,Kramer.
你表现的非常好，克莱姆
'But change the colours to red and green
但是将颜色换成红色和绿色
'and it's a whole different ballgame.'
那就完全是两回事
If you don't have any colour vision,this is completely invisible.
如果你没有那些色彩的视觉，这就可以说是隐形的
You can't see red or green,
你看不到红色和绿色
this just looks like a totally grey background.
这看起来就是完全的灰色背景
'Most humans can clearly see this red blob, but Kramer can't.
大多数的人类…可以清楚的看到红色斑点，但克莱姆不行
'Like my son Nathaniel, he can't tell the difference
就像我儿子纳森尼尔，他无法分辨出…
'between reds and greens.'
…红色与绿色
OK, Kramer, you were a star.
OK，克莱姆，你是个大明星
'So why is this happening?
所以…为什么会这样？
'Why doesn't Kramer see the world like we do?'
为什么克莱姆无法像我们一样看世界
Kramer's eyes, like all eyes,
克莱姆的眼睛，就像所有的眼睛，
rely on special proteins called opsins to detect colour.
依靠一种特殊的蛋白质，称作"视蛋白"，来侦测色彩
They're held in thousands of special cells in the retina
它们存在于视网膜上的数千个特殊细胞之中
in the back of the eye.
在眼睛的后方
Kramer has got two types of opsin,
克莱姆拥有两种不同的视蛋白
each tuned to specific wavelengths of light.
各自和特定的光线波长调谐
Signals from these opsins are then interpreted by the brain,
来自这些视蛋白的讯号♥，经由大脑做出解释后，
which allows us to perceive colour.
让我们可以感知颜色
But to see colour like we do,Kramer would need a third opsin,
但要看到我们能看到的颜色，克莱姆需要第三种视蛋白，
tuned to different wavelengths of light.
去和不一样的光线波长做调谐
We think our early primate ancestors were like Kramer,
我们认为早期的灵长类祖先…就像克莱姆，