猎捕（2015）

猎食者的生存状态是我们检验地球野外生存环境的一面镜子
Predators give us a dramatic health check on our planet's wild places.
它们位于生物食物链的顶端
They are the top of the food chain
需要有广袤的土地去猎食大量的猎物
and need an abundance of prey and vast territories for hunting.
但随着人口的增长，
But as the human population grows,
人类与野生动物的争地行为也随之增长
the conflict between people and wildlife is on the rise.
如今，超过75%的顶尖猎食者种类的数量都在下降
Over 75% of the world's top predators are now declining.
是人类制♥造♥了这样的物种生存危机
Humans have created this crisis,
但我们同样有能力缓解并解决这问题
but we also have the power to resolve it.
让我们来认识一下这些奋斗在第一线
We meet the pioneers at the front line,
寻求解决方案的业界领军人物
searching for bold solutions.
首要问题是，我们是否允许把生存的余地
The question is whether we are prepared to allow room
让给这些自然界中伟大的猎手们
for the natural world's greatest hunters.
全世界森林覆盖面♥积♥超过地球陆地面♥积♥的三分之一
The world's forests cover a third of its land surface,
这些森林孕育的野生动物数量超过50%
and contain over 50% of our wildlife.
在印度热带丛林中，位于食物链顶端的猎食者——老虎
In the jungles of India, the top predator is the tiger.
它们的数量一直在减少
Once on the point of extinction,
如今它们的数量有所增长
its numbers are now steadily rising here
是近50年来的首次出现反转
for the first time in over 50 years.
印度有12亿人口
India is also home to 1.2 billion people
是世上经济发展最快的国家
and the fastest-growing economy on the planet.
印度是如何让老虎数量实现增长的呢
So, how is the tiger making a comeback?
老虎是所有猫科动物中体型最大的
Tigers are the largest of all big cats.
它们的活动范围可达60平方英里（155.4平方公里）
They need a territory of up to 60 square miles
每周至少捕食一次才能维持生存
and must make a kill every week to survive.
它们是善于隐蔽的高手
He's so perfectly camouflaged.
猎物会不知觉地靠近老虎潜伏的地方
A deer could just come close to him without knowing the tiger's there
当足够近时，饿虎擒羊
and he'd just go for it.
WCS（国际野生生物保护学会）的Ullas Karanth博士
Dr Ullas Karanth from the Wildlife Conservation Society
是世界首屈一指的老虎专家
is the world's leading expert on tigers.
观察老虎捕食就像是在梦剧场中看一场戏
Watching a tiger hunt is a dream, it's just spectacular.
你能感受到老虎就是一个天生的，能够完美演绎杀戮的艺术家
You realise what a perfectly-designed killing machine this animal is.
500年前，史料记载印度还有超过30万头老虎
500 years ago, there were over 300,000 tigers in India.
但据上世纪末的统计，它们的数量已经锐减至2000只左右
But in the last century, their numbers fell to just 2,000,
造成这种状况的原因，是老虎赖以生存的森林面♥积♥减少过半以及被大量捕猎
due to a combination of poaching and the loss of half of their forest.
在上世纪七十年代晚期
In the late 1970s,
印度的老虎一度濒临灭绝
tigers were almost on the verge of extinction in India.
印度政♥府♥开始建立保护区，以及制定保护♥法♥等措施
But strong measures by the Indian government to create protected areas
使得老虎数量恢复增长
and a strong law enforcement effort led to a major recovery
这些努力是有目共睹的
better than anything else the world has seen.
在很多地区，老虎又重新现身
As a result, tigers have come back big time in many places.
如今在印度的老虎已有近2500只
There are now around 2,500 tigers in India
数量仍在稳定增长中
and their numbers are steadily rising.
如今的问题不再是缺老虎
The problem now is not so much a shortage of tigers,
而是缺它们的生存空间
it's a lack of space for them.
近30年来，印度的人口已翻一番
India's human population has doubled in the last 30 years.
大量的人口仍生活在保护区周边
With so many people living in national parks,
与之争地就不可避免了
conflict is inevitable.
这些地方的人们生存离不开种植谷物和饲养家畜
These enclaves make a living out of raising crops, raising livestock
直接与老虎产生空间和食物的争端
and they're competing for space and food with tigers directly.
斗争对于他们双方而言
So, this forces a conflict on them
不是你死就是我亡
and eventually the tigers lose out and people lose out.
印度政♥府♥出♥台♥了一个基本的解决方案
The government has come up with a radical solution -
即经济援助村民离开村庄，给老虎让地
paying villagers to move out of their homes, to make way for tigers.
让住在森林周边的村民迁离是一个争议很大的议题
Relocating local people out of the forest is a highly emotive issue.
在过去，印度当局执行这类大规模迁移的活动
India has been strongly criticised in the past
一直饱受各界批评
for carrying out forced mass evictions.
这事情非常有争议
It is extremely controversial,
因为在一些地方做得很糟糕
because in some places, it's been done badly,
那儿的人是被武力逼迁
where people who have moved out were forcibly moved out.
但在一些地方又做得比较好
But in many other places, it's been done right.
Ullas博士的女儿Krithi，同为WCS的工作人员
Ullas' daughter Krithi also works for the Wildlife Conservation Society.
她的工作是督导村民们搬迁
Her job is to manage their village relocations
帮他们解决过程中的困难
and make sure they're done responsibly.
KRITHI SPEAKS INDIAN
Mani和他妻子Jyothi，
Mani and his wife Jyothi
是自愿搬离村庄以换取补偿金
have volunteered to leave the forest in return for compensation.
TRANSLATION:
我家族住在这儿好几代了
我父辈，祖辈
一旦我们搬走，不再回来
这很是让我伤感
我只是希望让家人过上富足生活
他们与这个村子有着非常强的牵绊
They feel very strong ties to this place,
尽管在这里过得很艰苦
even though they have a very difficult life here.
而且还有与大象、豹子和老虎共存的危险
And constantly living in fear of elephants, leopards and tigers.
当有了孩子之后，这些危险变得越发凸显
When you have little children, those challenges are even greater.
Mani和Jyothi决定离开村庄
Mani and Jyothi are leaving their old way of life behind.
印度的发展变化非常快速
India is changing very rapidly and you have to sometimes make
能够作出离开家乡的决定是非常困难的
really hard choices and sometimes that involves moving people.
能够帮助他们顺利搬离
And I'm very proud of the way we've done it right,
使我对目前工作更有信心
helping them through every step of the way.
但并不是所有人都愿意离开
But not everyone is happy about being moved out.
HE SPEAKS INDIAN
他们是给钱
但这钱又能维持我们多久
我们就是死也不会离开
在这里，我们有电、太阳能和燃气
还能自己种菜
对外面世界的无知与害怕使他们选择留守
It's the fear of the outside and unknown that is keeping them here.
一旦这种心理因素能被释放
Once that fear is broken
他们就知道最好的选择还是离开
and they know they are better off, everybody wants out.
Mani and Jyothi是搬离Nagarhole国家公园的
Mani and Jyothi are the latest of 631 families
631户原住民中最新的一员
to leave Nagarhole National Park.
全印度大约有30000人已获得重新安置
In total, almost 30,000 people across India have been relocated.
人离虎入
As humans move out of the forest, tigers move in.
老虎数量实现增长是
A very strong proof that relocation works is to look at
劝服森林周边人口搬迁的政策行之有效的强有力证明
some of the tiger reserves where it's been done well.
人离开后，猎物数量大量增加
People have moved out, prey numbers have multiplied
在很多地方，老虎的数量成倍增长
and in many cases, the tiger numbers have doubled or tripled.
在印度，还有许许多多类似的搬离行动
There are many, many such cases in India.
Mani and Jyothi将要搬进一处新近建成的安置区
Mani and Jyothi are coming to live in a newly-built relocation centre.
在这里，他们将会找到工作并养活家人
Here, they will have to find jobs and fend for themselves.
每个成年的自愿搬迁者都可获得大约1♥0♥0♥0♥0♥英镑的补助金
Each adult receives the equivalent of ￡10,000 -
在印度这是一笔很大的数目
a huge sum in India.
包含有一部分现金和一栋新屋
This is paid part cash and part in the form of a new house
还有3英亩的土地
and three acres of land.
TRANSLATION:
住在森林周边的人有一种普遍的观点
There is a widespread view that forest-dwelling people
即住在偏远的地区
should live in remote locations,
食草果腹，远离现代文明
cut-off from all signs of civilisation,
是脱离时代发展的一种象征
eating fruits and nuts, and that's far removed from reality.
人们需要良好的教育
What these people want is good education,
福利和健康
modern amenities and health.
住在偏远的丛林边上是不能够获得这些的
And all of that is not available in the remote jungle.
人们都想要住在城镇中
People want to live in cities
你们将会看到有大规模的迁移活动
and you're going to see this huge transition,
印度将会在接下来的20年内
where India is going from 70% of the country being rural
由70%的乡村人口变为50%城镇人口
to 50% of the country being urban in the next 20 years
这会释放出很多土地
and this is going to open up land.
一旦人离开那方土地，植物会疯长
And once you move people out, the vegetation comes back,
猎物们也会回归，同时老虎的数量就会增长
the prey numbers rebound and then tiger numbers come back.
生态的恢复需要时间
So, ecological recovery takes time,
自然界有其自愈之道
but I think nature knows how to heal itself.
让原住民搬离可能是一种过激的解决方案
Relocation may be an extreme solution,
但印度虎数量的增长，证明只要有足够的空间
but India's tigers are proof that given enough space,
猎食者们能够重整旗鼓
predators can bounce back.
亚马逊是地球上最大的热带雨林
The greatest tropical forest on Earth is the Amazon.
她覆盖了几乎半个南美洲
It covers almost half of South America
是很多物种在地球上唯一的家园
and is home to more species than anywhere else on the planet.
在委内瑞拉的丛林中，树冠下站着一位致命猎手——
In the jungles of Venezuela, the canopy's deadliest hunter -
美洲角雕
the harpy eagle.
它是世上体型最大及最强壮的食肉性鸟类
This is the most powerful bird of prey in the world.
拥有长达两米的翼展，攻击时悄无声息
It has a two-metre wing-span,
喜食猴子和树懒
and it hunts silently, on the lookout for monkeys and sloths.
HARPY EAGLE SCREECHES
美洲角雕的捕食范围可达30平方英里
The harpy eagle's territory stretches over 30 square miles.
它们捕食范围的中心，是抚育嗷嗷待哺的幼鸟的巢
At the heart of it, the nest, with a very hungry chick.
两个月大时，幼鸟还相当脆弱