了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

我完全停下来，仿佛凝固在了黑洞的视界上
I totally stop and look firm on the horizon of the event.
时间似乎停止了
Time seems to stop.
我感觉很沮丧，因为我永远回不了家了
I feel sorry for him to come home again.
如果双胞胎成功逃离黑洞，就能回到未来
If the twins managed to escape from The black hole will return to the future.
也许他只是感觉过了几天或几周，这取决于谁去了黑洞
Maybe a few days or weeks have passed And it depends on who traveled to the black hole.
而地球上的另一个已不再纯真，他在地球上已经生活了几十年
But the other is impure and has grandchildren Where he lived for decades on earth here.
黑洞经常使时空弯曲以至于科幻小说变成了现实
The black hole bends spacetime frequently So that science fiction becomes reality.
时间旅行是科幻小说的常见的题材，我们知道回到过去的旅行并不存在于我们的宇宙中
<直到现在还有人梦想有朝一日能穿越到过去，比如那个熟蛋返生论文的作者——译者注>
Time travel is the foundation of science fiction We know that travel to the past is excluded in our universe.
但是穿越到未来是可以接受的
But time travel to the future is quite acceptable.
目前为止，时间旅行还是不可能的，但时空一直在影响着我们的日常生活
Time travel is impossible so far, but I have Space-time is a real influence on our daily lives.
决定了我们日渐衰老
Controls how we age.
时间流逝不同速率的关键在于引力
The key to different rates of passage of time is gravity.
如果你遇到一个不同的引力的环境，你将有不同的时间流逝速度
If you come across a different attractive environment You will have a different passage of time.
当我走上楼梯，离开地球的质量时，我的时间就会流逝得快一点
When I go up those stairs and get away from The Earth's mass turns my watch a little faster.
如果我走下来，靠近地面，你的时间就会慢一些
If you go near the roof, your clock will slow down more.
现在已经有精密的时钟来感知这个时间的差异
Our hours are sensitive enough to measure This difference in the validity of time.
如果将这种效果最大化，我们就能看到时间运行在我们面前的变化
To maximize this effect we will see Running time varies before us.
那些离地球最近的地方看来起来变得缓慢
The closest we are to the earth seems sluggish.
而在上面，他们看起来似乎在加速
From above, they appear to be accelerating.
这意味着富人住在他们的高层公♥寓♥里，比地面上的人衰老得更快
This means that the rich are in their high apartments Aging faster than people on earth.
这是一个惊人的想法
This is an amazing idea.
但这是事实
But it is true.
地球的引力控制着时间，甚至是整个地球
The Earth's gravity controls time, even over the planet.
在125000英里的高空，有全球定位卫星矩阵
Up 12.5 thousand miles up there Matrix of global positioning satellites.
这对我们的汽车和手♥机♥的导航系统很重要
Important for navigational systems in our carts and mobile phones.
在地球上，我们使用全球定位系统来导航
Here on Earth, we use a system Global positioning as a way to navigate.
如今，只要离家1公里远，大多数人都会迷路
<呵呵，这也太夸张了吧，如果是10公里倒是有可能>
Most people would get lost these days if 1 kilometer away from their homes.
除非他们用手♥机♥上的全球定位系统告诉他们目的地
Unless they use global positioning programs On their phone to tell them their destination.
你的GPS接收器正在应答超过四颗卫星的信♥号♥♥来确定你的确切位置
Your GPS receiver is answering Signals more than four satellites to know your exact location.
这就需要精确地计时
It is an accurate timing training.
每个卫星上都有一个原子钟
On board there is an atomic clock.
轨道上的引力弱，这就意味着卫星上的钟比地球上的运行速度要快一些
Weak gravity in orbit means that hours The moons move a little faster than those on Earth.
如果我们不纠正我们的卫星以不同的速度流逝时间的事实
If we don't correct the fact that the hours are in Our moons are moving at different rates.
当全球定位系统在地球上工作时
When the Global Positioning System worked here on Earth.
它将失去准确率，在不到一个小时内，整个全球定位系统将彻底失效
It will lose accuracy at rates that will not help the system Positioning in full is useful then in less than an hour.
我们每时每刻都在纠正这个错误
We correct this every minute every day.
想一想，当你在日常生活中走每一段楼梯时，你实际上经历了一个稍微不同的时间流
但我们所说的时间流到底是什么意思呢？
在太空中，我可以去任何地方，只要我想
我可以向左走，也可以向右走
但时间呈现的却是，我只能从过去走向未来
所以如果你把一部电影倒放，很明显它是倒放的
我们的看法是，时间只朝着一个方向运行
从过去到现在，再到未来
但是一些最基本的自然法则是向前和向后的
如果这样，时间就是可逆的
我们还不完全理解为什么时间有箭的性质
为什么它有一个从过去到未来的方向
为什么过去与未来不同，为什么我们只在现在经历它
时间的到底是什么，以及为什么会像支箭
这是现代物理学中最大的未解问题之一
更令人困惑的是，所有时间点都是相等的
在时空上，过去、现在和未来没有区别
过去、现在和未来并没有什么神奇之处，只是虚幻的空谈
嗯 未来作为时空的一部分，并不比我面前的更特别
这类似于看节目或电影
你可能不知道它将如何结束，但你知道结局已经存在
你认为生活是一部太空电影吗？
时间就是整个DVD
我生命中的这个特殊时刻是电影中的一幕
然后，当然，在那一幕之前
电影的其他部分，结局，都在那里
都存在着完全相同的步伐
理解时间的本质是理解宇宙如何运作的关键
这背后一定有物理学
我们试图在还未理解宇宙起源的情况下找出它是什么
自宇宙诞生以来，时空控制着宇宙的每一个阶段
Space-time controlled all A stage in the evolution of our universe from its birth.
我们现在发现，时空也将决定宇宙如何消亡
We now discover that spacetime It will also determine how the universe will die.
我们的宇宙始于138亿年前的一次爆♥炸♥
Our universe began with an explosion, 13.8 billion years ago.
从那以后，它一直在膨胀
It has been expanding ever since.
这种扩张会永远持续下去吗？
Does this expansion last forever?
或者宇宙会走向暴♥力♥的终结？
Or will the universe come to a violent end?
一百多年前我们就知道宇宙在膨胀
We have known for more than a hundred years that the universe is expanding.
宇宙中的一切都在互相远离
Everything in the universe expands away from everything.
我们可以通过测量爆♥炸♥恒星发出的光来验证这一点
We can test this by measuring the light from the exploding stars.
1a 型超新星爆♥炸♥时亮度是相同的
Type 1a supernovae explode with the same luster.
所以科学家可以精确地测量出他们与地球的确切距离
So scientists can know the exact distance from Earth.
几十年来，天文学家们测量发现，这种光被不断膨胀的空间拉长了
For decades astronomers have measured this The light that expands in expanding space.
宇宙在膨胀，里面有物质
The universe is expanding, and there is matter in it.
这种物质具有引力，可以对时空的曲率造成影响
This substance has gravity and works to fold the curvature of space-time.
我们可以得知，当宇宙膨胀时，它会聚集在一起，所有的物质都相互吸引
It makes sense, then, that when the universe expands, it will hold together All materials cosmically attractive to each other.
如果宇宙中有足够多的物质，它就可以将自身收紧到足以减缓膨胀
If there is enough material in the universe, it can To tighten itself enough to slow down the expansion.
但1998年，天文学家通过新的测量，他们有了一个令人惊讶的发现
But in 1998, astronomers did With new measurements, they made an exciting discovery.
人们预计时空增长会放缓下来，然而恰恰相反，他们发现膨胀正在加速
People expected expansion to slow But in return, they found it accelerating.
如果扩张放缓，应该会出现远处光变亮
If expansion slows, it should appear These far lights are brighter.
相反，它们却在变得更暗
In contrast, it was darker.
它移♥动♥的速度比我们预期的要快
It was moving away faster than we expected.
这只意味着一件事
This means only one thing.
扩张在加速，每天都在加速
Expansion is accelerating, it is accelerating every day.
这一发现完全改变了我们对宇宙的认识
This discovery completely changed our understanding of the universe.
在宇宙形成的最初70亿年里，宇宙膨胀的速度越来越慢
In the first seven billion years of the universe The rate of expansion of the universe was slower and slower.
然后一些疯狂的事情发生了
Then something crazy happened.
就好像引力变成了相反的方向，本来它们吸引着星系，现在却好像它们在把星系推开一样
It is as if gravity has become the opposite, instead They attract galaxies as if they were pushing them away.
这是一个我们仍在试图理解的惊人结果
This is an amazing result that we are still trying to understand.
引力失去了它的力量吗？
Was gravity losing its strength?
还是有别的东西把空间分开了？
Or was there something else that kept space apart?
我们宇宙的另一个组成部分表现得很奇怪
Then another component of our universe is behaving strangely.
一种神秘的物质叫做暗能量
A mysterious entity is called dark energy.
就像时空一样，暗能量围绕着我们
Like space-time, dark energy surrounds us.
我们看不见它，但它构成了我们宇宙中70%的物质
We do not see it, but it composes up to seventy Percent of matter in our universe.
但具体是什么呢？
But what is it specifically?
黑能量意味着我们不知道它是什么，也不知道它的形状
Darkness means that we do not know what it is and do not know its shape.
宇宙中有什么东西在注入能量，使它加速膨胀
Something is pouring energy In the universe, making it accelerate.
我们不知道它是什么
We don't know what it is.
我们没有任何头绪
There is no evidence at all.
我们没有任何解释，这是当今科学界最大的谜团
We do not have the slightest explanation, it is the biggest mystery in science today.
暗能量以神秘的方式运作
Dark energy behaves in mysterious ways.
普通的物质是有引力的，但能量黑暗却相互排斥导致膨胀加速
Regular material is attractive, but energy Darkness drives this causing acceleration.
普通物质会受到引力的影响，聚焦起来，但这不会发生在这种物质上
Ordinary matter is affected by gravity You converge, but that does not happen with that substance.
暗能量是宇宙中的一种新力量吗？还是和引力一样，来自时空本身？
Is dark energy a new force in the universe? Or came like gravity from spacetime itself?
暗能量可能是时空的一种特性
Dark energy may be a property of spacetime.
或许时空本身存在着这种能量，是用来加速扩张用的
Perhaps space has energy and is What is being marketed to accelerate expansion.
暗能量是一种实体，我们不知道它到底是什么
Dark energy is an entity, we don't know exactly what it is.
但是它会对宇宙未来的变化产生巨大的影响
But it will have a huge impact on Future changes in the universe three hundred fifty
如果暗能量继续让我们的时空加速膨胀，会发生什么呢？
What would happen if you kept the energy Darkness on the acceleration of the expansion of our spacetime?
由于暗能量的存在，它会使膨胀速度越来越快
Due to the presence of dark energy it will expand faster and faster.
最后会使宇宙变得越来越孤立
What makes the universe a more isolated place.
……所有的星系都会加速互相远离
... all galaxies will accelerate apart.
……宇宙将变得更暗更冷
... the universe will become darker and cooler.
一切都会变得更加黑暗和孤立
Everything will become darker and more isolated.
我们的未来将会发生什么？有一个主要的候选者
There is a major candidate for what will happen in our future.
最终，我们的时空冻结了
In the end, our temporal universe freezes.
大冻结是我们所知的宇宙的最后终结
The Great Freeze is the last end of the universe that we know.
这是一个可怕的命运，一个暗淡的命运，但幸运的是，它会发生在漫长得难以想象的时间之后
It is a terrible fate, a bleak fate But fortunately for us, it will only happen after a long time.
几万亿年后，宇宙可能会在大冻结中结束
After trillions of years, the universe may end in a great freeze.
但2017年的一项研究显示了一种更可怕的可能性
But a 2017 study suggests a more terrifying possibility.
暗能量可能会变得更强大
Dark energy may become more powerful.
宇宙的最终命运有一种不可思议的可能性
There is an outrageous possibility of the ultimate fate of the universe.
暗能量强大到足以粉碎星系本身的引力
Dark energy is strong enough To crush the gravitational pull of the galaxy itself.
甚至可以把黑洞撕开
You might even be able to tear black holes apart.
可能会把一切联♥系♥在一起的物质撕破
The fabric that ties everything together may be torn.
这个理论被称为“大撕裂”
This theory is called the Great Rip.
匈牙利星系团会先被撕裂，然后像我们这样的星系即银河系
Hungarian clusters will be torn first Then galaxies like ours are the Milky Way.
然后我们的太阳系也会四分五裂
Then our solar system will be torn apart.
在宇宙的最后半小时，地球将会爆♥炸♥
And in the last half hour of the universe, the Earth will explode.
在最后一秒，原子会蒸发掉
In the last second, the atoms will evaporate.
宇宙中的一切都会被宇宙的膨胀撕裂
Everything in the universe will be torn apart by the expansion of the universe.
但我们并不了解暗能量，呃？你在增强吗？还是在减弱吗？
We don't understand dark energy, uh Fixed? Are you strengthening? Is it weakening?
关于这一点，我们还无法得知
At that point, we don't know.
时空控制了我我们宇宙的诞生，也将决定宇宙的死亡
Space-time controlled me The birth of our universe, and his death will be decided too.
今天我们发现这两个事件是相互关联的，这揭示了我们对宇宙大爆♥炸♥的理解存在缺陷
Today we discover that these two events are connected A link reveals a flaw in our understanding of the Big Bang.
我们所看到的一切，宇宙中所有的物质和能量
All that we see, all matter and all energy in our universe.
她以前被关押在一个比原子还小的地方
She was previously held in A spot smaller than the size of an atom.
我们称之为无穷小的点
We call that tiny infinitely small point.