了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

And where there is an extra mass You will bend more space.
如果空间弯曲更大，那么就会聚集更多的物质
nd if space leans more, then there will be more mass.
在新生的宇宙中，物质密集的区域在时空中形成的弯曲更大
In the nascent universe, the most matter regions Intensity made deep curves in space-time.
随着物质掉落时空井中而不断增加，时空弯曲也会变得越来越大
And when the mass increased with the fall Substances that become deeper and deeper.
就会吸引更多的物质，这是一个迅速的过程
It attracts more material, it is a quick process.
引力增强，吸引的物质也越来越多
Gravity intensifies to attract more and more material.
于是就变得更加密集，恒星迅速生成了
It became denser, and stars quickly generated.
然后是许多恒星，再然后就是一个星系
Then many stars, then a galaxy arose.
这些恒星进化并开始形成更大的结构，大部分核燃料快速被燃烧殆尽
These stars evolved and began to form compositions The largest and most of its nuclear fuel was burned.
于是超新星爆发产生了更重的元素
<所有重元素的形成参见第四季第一集>
It blew up and made all the heavier elements.
随着时间的推移，像行星这样的东西出现了，大气层，人类，以及我们今天关心的一切
Over time things like planets arose The covers, the people, and everything we care about today.
一切都始于膨胀空间中的能量差异
It all started as differences in Energy in expanded space.
最初，只是微小的差异，最终演变成了我们今天所看到的巨大结构
Initially, the slight differences became that The huge structures we see today.
经过数十亿年，物质开始聚集形成成星系，恒星，行星以及我们
Over billions of years, that substance began By gathering into galaxies, stars, planets, and you.
时空膨胀的差异塑造了宇宙
The differences in spacetime expansion patterned the universe.
在我们今天看到的一切事物的发展过程中，都受到了时空弯曲的控制
The curvature of space-time controlled In the development of everything we see today.
如果时空没有这种让物质聚焦的属性
If he did not possess spacetime The property and collects the material together.
我们只会是一层薄薄的氢气雾
We will only be a thin mist of hydrogen gas.
这不会是一个有趣的宇宙
It wouldn't be an interesting universe.
因为时空不会因为里面的物质而弯曲，宇宙将会是一个非常奇怪的地方
Because spacetime did not bend because of matter Inside it the universe will be strange.
我的意思是，不会有引力，也不会有什么东西能把事物结合在一起
I mean there will be no attraction and no There is something that brings things together.
没有引力就意味着没有恒星、行星和人类
The absence of the force of gravity means The absence of stars, planets or humans.
我们的存在归功于时空
We attribute our existence to space-time.
但科学家们很难理解这个时空
But scientists struggle to understand it.
我希望知道什么是时空
I hope to know what spacetime is.
我们知道一些关于时空的事情，但是在时间本身看来，我们对时空却是一无所知
We know things about spacetime, but in oneself Time feels like we know nothing about spacetime.
但有时科学家们会观察到这个正在行动的难以捉摸的幕后操控大♥师♥
But sometime Scientists get a glimpse of this elusive puppet master in action
2016年，天文学家观测到一种奇怪的视觉现象
In 2016, the silicon saw a strange visual phenomenon.
一种奇怪的光圈，就像宇宙光环
A strange circle of light like a cosmic aura.
如果你的眼睛能像长焦望远镜一样敏感，你就能观察到这个，它是真实存在的
This is what you really see in the sky if it were Your eyes are as sensitive as a telephoto, it's real.
当我们调整图像时，这不是一张假照片
It is not a fake photo when we adjust the images.
有些东西把时空弯曲成了透镜
Something actually folds spacetime into a lens.
这是一个距离地球70亿光年的红色星系
This thing is a red galaxy away Seven billion light years from Earth.
它使隐藏在它后面的蓝色星系发出的光发生了弯曲
It bends light from a blue galaxy that should hide behind it.
这被称为引力透镜效应
This is called a gravitational lensing effect.
引力透镜效应是一种惊人的现象，因为它展现了爱因斯坦曾明确告诉我们的空间是弯曲的
Gravitational lenticular effect is an amazing phenomenon because it manifests itself What Einstein clearly told us is that space is curved.
空间就像一个透镜，就像我这副眼镜里的两个镜片一样
Space works as a lens The two lenses work in my glasses.
当我们观察宇宙时，看到了这一现象，这很酷
When we look at the universe we see it all, that's cool.
前面星系的质量在时空中产生弯曲，这是我们通过引力知道的
The mass from the front galaxy makes bends In spacetime, which we know by gravity.
光沿着这些弯曲的路径前进，在星系周围弯曲
Light follows those bends Vertically, and bend around the galaxy.
像匈牙利星系团那样的巨大天体可以通过时空弯曲让穿越时空的光路发生弯曲
It can giant bodies like clusters Hungarian to bend the path of light through space-time.
就像这个让光线偏转的玻璃一样
Like the glass that deflects the path of light.
当我们看一个遥远的星系时，有光穿过一个星系团
When we look at a distant galaxy We have light passing through a galaxy cluster.
我们看到了同一个星系的许多图像
We see many images of the same galaxy.
我们会看到弧线和圆圈，好像这个星团是由玻璃构成的
We see parentheses and circles as if this The cluster is made of glass.
我们确实用眼睛看到了这种时空的弯曲
We see spacetime collapse in front of our eyes.
透镜引力效应让我们看到时空对光的影响
Lenticular gravitational effect gives us Area to see the effects of space-time on light.
但这只是对时空的间接观测
But it is only an indirect observation of spacetime.
在地球上还有其他方法可以探测时空弯曲吗？
Is there another way to detect spacetime here on Earth?
你不可能看到太空中所有发生的一切
You can't see everything that happens in space.
有时候我们也得去“聆听”
You should listen to him too.
信不信由你，空间这个东西其实很像这块钢板
Believe it or not, space is an element More like this iron plate.
就像这钢板一样，空间可以弯曲
Like this iron, space can bend.
如果我把很重的重物放在这块钢板上，就会改变这块钢板的形状并发生弯曲
If I put too much weight on this The metal plate will change its shape and bend.
另惊奇的是，空间可以传递波，就像这块铁板一样
It can amazingly space To carry waves, as well as this iron plate.
如果要用这个铁板产生波动，你需要坚固的东西
And to make ripples with this plate You need something strong.
就像我和我的这个锤子
Something like me and my hammer.
看到这些穿过钢板的波形了吗？
See those waves traveling through this iron plate?
波在空间中传播的方式，也是一样的，我们称之为引力波
The waves travel through space completely In the same way, we call it gravitational waves.
引力波是通过时空物质传播的宇宙事件的涟漪
Gravitational waves are vibrations of Cosmic events transmitted through the substance of spacetime.
要把引力波发射到太空中，就需要宇宙中最强大最大规模的事件
To launch waves into space, you need The most powerful and massive events in the universe.
比如黑洞碰撞
Something like a black hole collision.
当两个黑洞相撞时，释放出来的能量冲击波会穿越时空，穿越宇宙
When two black holes collide, the released energy Shock waves are sent through space-time across the universe.
然而当它传播到这里时，已经非常微弱，你几乎无法探测
When you get to the ground you are Slim is not measurable.
但是
Approximately.
2015年，乐高天文台（激光干涉引力波天文台）的科学家们做了一个革命性的观察
In 2015, scientists at the Lego Observatory made a revolutionary observation.
他们探测到了时空中的涟漪
They detected ripples in space-time.
即引力波
Gravitational waves.
流言开始飞速扩散，但不久之后就清楚了
The commotion began to spread, but it became clear after a while.
这确实是第一次在地球上用人造设备直接观测到引力波
This was the first direct discovery of waves Gravity with human-made equipment on Earth.
经过很长一段时间的等待，我们终于发现了引力波
We discovered gravitational waves after waiting for signals for a long time.
……我们大多数人都不敢相信
... most of us just couldn't believe it.
相反，一直都在怀疑所有的引力波理论都是假的
Rather, she kept doubting all theories Plot by all means to be false.
当我看到那些数据时，现在回想起来，我依然还能感觉到这种情感冲击
When I saw that data, I still remember it Now, I remember her emotional impact on me.
这种感觉只有在我女儿出生后第一次看到她的脸时才会产生
This feeling is only matched by seeing a face My daughter for the first time after her birth.
我们在某一刻所做的一切都是令人惊叹的
Its emotional impact was huge, to reap the rewards Everything we did in one moment, is amazing.
我们可以在地面上听到引力波
We can hear these gravitational waves on the ground.
让我们吃惊的是，部分在于有点巧合——但这个巧合真的非常酷
What astonishes us is that it was a coincidence - which was good.
乐高天文台测量到的信♥号♥♥是人耳所能感觉到的声音的频率范围
The signals that Lego measures are of a range Frequency of the sounds that the human ear feels.
当黑洞靠近并碰撞时，我们能听到波的频率变化
We can hear the wave frequency change when The black holes come close and collide.
这是一种看起来像那种高频率的声音
It is a high frequency that looks like this sound.
我们从这个声音中听到的是两个黑洞它们绕着对方旋转，然后相撞
What we heard with this voice is that two black holes They revolved around each other and collided.
事情就是这样
That's how it was.
倾听时空中的涟漪，它给了我们一个探索宇宙的新的强大工具
Listen to the ripples in space-time It gave us a powerful new tool to explore the universe.
现在我们第一次听到引力的声音，这是我们意识到过去从来不曾用这种感觉来感受宇宙
Now we hear things attractive for the first time It is a realization that we could not apply to the universe.
我们开始找到这个答案
And we start to find out.
从黑洞中观察引力波
Observing gravitational waves from black holes.
这是在过去一百年天文学上最重要的发现之一
It is one of his most important discoveries One in astronomy in the past hundred years.
引力波在天文学中的重要性怎么强调都不为过
It's hard to overstate how important it is Gravitational waves in astronomy.
这就像伽利略第一次近距离观察恒星，看到一些新的东西
It's like directing Galileo Close up of the stars for the first time to see something new.
我们现在有了一个了解宇宙的新窗口
We now have a new window into the universe.
引力透镜效应和引力波让我们看到了引力和空间之间的复杂关系
Gravitational lenticular effect and gravitational waves We see the complex relationship between gravity and space.
但是“等式”的另一边呢？
But what about the other half of the equation?
时间
Time.
这是时空，引力不仅弯曲了空间，同是也扭曲了时间
It is spacetime, gravity does not fold Space not only distorted time.
我们可能认为时间是不能改变的，只会以稳定的速度往前进
We may think that time cannot Change it, just pass it at a steady rate.
但这不是我们生活的宇宙
But that is not the universe we live in.
在一些极端的情况下，我的时间取决于你的时间
In some crazy circumstances, may My time depends on you.
我们甚至能通过时间旅行，回到未来
We may also travel via Time, and we return to the future.
对于科幻爱好者来说，太空是最后的边境
For science fiction lovers, space is the last resort.
对于研究时间的学者来说，这是他们最大的挑战
For scholars who are investigating Time is their biggest challenge.
我们以为时间就是日出和日落
We thought time was recognized as sunrise and sunset.
今天我们意识到时间是一个更基本的概念
Today we realized that time is a more fundamental concept.
时间不仅在流逝而且是我们宇宙的重要组成部分
Not only is time passing by But it is an essential part of our universe.
它是时空结构的一部分
It is part of the fabric of space-time.
宇宙大爆♥炸♥是空间和时间的开端
The Big Bang was the beginning of space and time.
从那时起，空间一直在膨胀，时间也在流逝
Since then, space has been expanding And time passed forward.
138亿年以来，它一直这样，并形成如今我们看到的宇宙
It has been doing this for 13.8 billion years To make the universe that we see today.
空间和时间是相互联♥系♥的，它们是一样的
Space and time are connected to each other, they are the same.
当物质影响时空时，不要以偏概全，它不仅取决于空间，同样还取决于时间的流逝
When matter affects space-time, do not make a deviation It depends not only on space but also on the passage of time.
然后时空变得非常奇妙
Then space-time becomes wonderful.
引力扭曲了空间，也改变了时间的流动
Gravity also bends space It deflects the flow of time as well.
这与我们对时间的意识无关，而是真实的时间流逝的速度
It is not about our awareness of time But at the rate at which time applies.
巨大的物体可以改变和扭曲时空
Huge objects can deflect and fold space-time.
不仅空间会扭曲，时间本身也会变慢甚至停止
Not only does space deviate, but it can That the time itself slows or even stops.
引力越大，扭曲越大
The greater the gravity, the greater the deviation.
什么物体的引力最大？……黑洞
And what has the strongest attraction? . Black hole.
通过接近黑洞，在强大的引力作用下
By being close to the strong gravitational tension of the black hole.
时间会出现一些奇怪的现象，然后事情就变得更加有趣了
Hours can do strange things Then things get more interesting.
关于黑洞弯曲时空和扭曲减慢时间
About the black hole bends Space-time and deviation slows down time.
科学家们梦想着向那里发射一个探测器来验证他们的假设
Scientists dream of sending a probe there to test their hypothesis.
有一种著名的思维方式，叫做“双胞胎悖论”
There is a famous way of thinking This is called the "twin paradox.".
如果双胞胎同时出生，他们的年龄是相同的
Where twins are born at the same moment, they are the same age.
但其中一个在黑洞附近加速，它在那里等待一段时间，然后返回
But one of them is accelerated near a black hole He waits there for a while and then returns.
如果我在地球上有一个双胞胎兄弟，当我飞到黑洞附近时
If I had a twin symmetric shadow on Earth as I flew near a black hole.
……当我们进行视频电♥话♥时，他会看到我
... when we visually call, he will see me.
……我也会看到他
... and I'll see it.
我们会注意到时间的流逝与彼此的节奏不同
We will notice that time passes by A different rhythm relative to each other.
距离黑洞越近，时间就越慢
The closer to the hole Black slows down time.
如果我没有回家，而是意外地掉进了一个黑洞……那么我在地球上的兄弟就会看到我的速度变慢
Instead of going home, I fell into a hole ... black, so my twin pair on Earth slowed more.