了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S06E03

Part 3 Dec. 22, 2021, 7:22 p.m.

太阳风暴摧毁了它们年轻的大气层……
Solar storms blasted their young atmospheres...
直到他们变得又瘦又弱
Until they became thin and weak,
扼杀了生命任何生存的机会
snuffing out any chances for life.
但双星系统真的能让事情变得更简单吗
But could binary systems actually make things easier,
行星围绕两颗恒星而不是一颗恒星运行？
where planets orbit around two stars instead of one?
年轻的恒星可能非常狂暴和混乱
Young stars can be very violent and chaotic,
但在有两颗恒星的系统中
but in the system where there are two stars,
这些恒星的相互作用可以减缓它们的旋转
the interaction of those stars can slow down their rotation,
这意味着这种狂暴可以被减缓
and that means that that violence can be slowed down.
这些太阳风暴是可以缓和的
These solar storms can be tempered
所以它们不会那么猛烈，也不会那么频繁
so they're not as violent, they're not as frequent,
任何年轻的行星如果形成了大气层
and if any young planet is formed with an atmosphere,
它就可以保持住
it can keep it.
所以，当涉及到行星上生命的出现时
So, when it comes to the occurrence of life on a planet,
很可能拥有两颗恒星
it may very well be that having two stars
会比拥有一颗好得多
could be a lot better than having one.
引力的相互作用
Gravitational interactions
会减慢两颗近距离类太阳恒星的自转速度
can slow down the spin of two close sun-like stars,
给生命以发展的机会
giving life the chance to develop.
但不只是在一个行星世界上……
But not just on one world...
而是在整个系统的许多行星上
On many planets throughout the system.
在一个恒星系的中间有两颗恒星
With two stars in the middle of a solar system,
你会得到两倍的热量
you have twice the amount of heat,
两倍的光
twice the amount of light,
这将把可居住区域
and that extends the habitable zone
延伸到恒星系更远的地方
farther out into the solar system.
对行星科学家贾尼·拉德博(Jani Radebaugh)来说
For planetary scientist Jani Radebaugh,
探索这样的系统是一个梦想
exploring systems like this would be a dream come true.
对我来说，能有这样的世界存在
To me, it is so thrilling that worlds like this could exist
甚至可能有生命存在，这太令人激动了
and that they might even harbor life.
我的意思是，可能在双星系中真的会有一个
I mean, there could be a Sci-Fi desert planet like this one
像科幻电影中的那样的沙漠星球
with twin suns, my personal favorite and one
这是我个人最喜欢的，也是我迫不及待想去的
that I can't wait to visit, or if we wanted,
抑或是，我们可以跳到另一个适合居住的星球
we could just hop over to another habitable planet
去找一个完全不同的星球
and find something completely different.
银河背包客应该可以
Galactic backpackers could explore
探索各种科幻景观了
a variety of Sci-Fi landscapes.
也许外星文明已经存在
Perhaps alien civilizations are already out there,
生活在这些可居住的世界里
living on these habitable worlds.
两个太阳可以创造出比一个更好的恒星系统
Two suns could create better star systems than one,
但它们也可能使事情变得混乱
but they could also make things chaotic,
整个世界会以超高速被射入太空
shooting entire worlds into space at hyper speed.
在双星系中的行星上
what would life be like
生命会是什么样子？
on a planet in a binary system?
还能更好吗？
Could it be better?
还是说地球真的很好？
Or is planet earth really as good as it gets?
如果你想在银河系中寻找生命的住所
If you're looking for an abode for life in the galaxy,
我们倾向于，你懂的，在双星系寻找一个相当舒适的存在
we tend to, you know, look for a rather cozy existence out there,
但是，你懂的，恒星有时可能会
but, you know, it's possible that stars can take you
带你去一趟狂野之旅
on a bit of a wild ride sometimes.
在过去的十年里
Over the past decade,
我们观察到神秘的物体
we've observed mysterious objects
在银河系中疾驰
hurtling through the galaxy.
科学家称它们为超高速恒星
Scientists call them hypervelocity stars.
当我们说超高速恒星时
When we say hypervelocity stars,
我们说的是真正的超高速
we're talking some hyper velocities.
观测到它们的移♥动♥速度高达每秒620英里
They've been observed moving up to 620 miles per second.
你要知道是恒星大小的东西，比如太阳
You're talking about something the size of a star, the sun,
十亿吨♥质量或者类似的东西
an octillion tons of mass or something like that
被甩得比步♥枪♥子弹还要快
getting flung away way faster than a rifle bullet.
这些超高速恒星
These hypervelocity stars
源自于双星系
start off in a binary system,
但有东西把它们分开了……很大的东西
but something tears them apart... Something big.
为了创造出一颗超高速恒星
In order to create a hypervelocity star,
你需要一个非常强大的引力源
you need a very intense source of gravitational power.
我们所知道的强度最大的源
Well, the most intense source we know of
是星系中心的黑洞
is the black hole at the center of the galaxy.
这个黑洞是人马座a星
This black hole is Sagittarius a-star.
超大质量……
It is supermassive...
是太阳质量的400万倍
Four million times the mass of our sun.
当双恒星离得太近时
Two stars stray a little too close,
黑洞的巨大引力将它们吸引过去
and the enormous gravity of the black hole pulls at them.
但离得最近的恒星会受到更强的引力
But the star closest feels a much stronger tug,
于是这个双星系就会被撕裂
and this binary system gets ripped apart.
这有点像奥林匹克链球比赛
It's a little bit like the Olympic hammer throw,
链球是双星系中的一颗恒星
where the hammer is one star in the binary system
奥林匹克选手是另一颗恒星
and the Olympian is the other star,
连接链球的绳子
with the cord connecting the hammer
是两颗恒星之间的
being the gravitational tie
引力纽带
between the binary stars.
如果你切断这条线，另一颗恒星就会
If you cut that cord, the other star can go flying off
以非常非常高的速度飞走
at very, very high speed.
一旦绳子被割断
Once the cord is cut,
两颗恒星就永远分离了
the binary stars separate forever.
一个被困在黑洞的
One is trapped in the gravitational grip
引力中
of the black hole.
另一颗则被甩出银河系
The other is flung out of the galaxy,
成为名副其实的流星
becoming a literal shooting star.
但这颗恒星可能并不孤单
But the star may not be alone.
如果一颗行星被引力束缚在一颗恒星上
If a planet is gravitationally bound to a star
而这颗恒星被系统抛出
and that star gets ejected from the system,
如果条件合适
if conditions are right,
那颗行星就可以搭上这颗恒星的便车
that planet can hitch a ride with that star.
恒星在哪里，行星就在哪里
Where the star goes, the planet goes.
如果你在一颗超高速恒星周围的行星上
If you're on planet around a hypervelocity star,
你将成为世界各地诗人和科学家羡慕的对象
you would be the envy of poets and scientists everywhere
因为你将拥有想象中的最令人惊叹的景色
because you would have the most breathtaking view imaginable.
从星系的最中心开始
You would start at the very center of the galaxy,
你会看到超大质量黑洞的美丽景象
you'll have this beautiful view of the supermassive black hole.
在这颗超高速行星上
Generation after generation
一代又一代的人
on this hypervelocity planet
将能欣赏到银河系令人兴奋的新景色
would be treated to thrilling new views of the galaxy.
当你被驱逐出去的时候
By the time you're done as you're ejected,
你会看到整个银河系的
you would see the entire milky way galaxy,
所有的东西，当你进入太空的时候
everything, and it would recede away from you
它会远离你，到谁也不知道的地方去
as you moved off into space to who knows where.
超高速行星只是证明了
Hypervelocity planets just go to show
宇宙比小说更奇异
that the universe is way stranger than fiction.
随着我们对恒星和恒星系统的了解越来越多
As we learn more about stars and stellar systems,
即使是科幻作家最荒诞的想象
even the most fantastical imaginings of Sci-Fi writers,
它也无法接近自然所能产生的东西
it doesn't even come close to what nature can produce.
这颗超高速恒星和这颗行星
This hypervelocity star and planet
将踏上一生的旅程
go on the journey of a lifetime,
但那颗被困在星系中心的
but what about the stranded companion star,
超大质量黑洞旁边的
stuck in the center of the galaxy
那颗伴星命运呢？
next to a supermassive black hole?
它也可能有一颗行星绕着它运行
It, too, could have a planet orbiting it,
但这是一个活在借来的时间的世界里
but it's a world living on borrowed time.
如果有一颗行星绕着那颗恒星运行
If there's a planet orbiting the star that gets left behind
被超高速恒星甩在后面
by the hypervelocity star,
那么这颗行星现在
so the planet is now orbiting
正围绕那颗绕着黑洞运行的恒星运行
the star that's orbiting the black hole,
这可能不会持续很长时间
that's not probably gonna last very long.
一般来说，这个小家伙……哔！被枪杀了
Typically, the little guy... Pew! Gets shot away.
所以完全有可能存在超高速的流浪行星
So it's entirely possible that we have hypervelocity
即没有恒星的行星
rogue planets, planets without a star
同样以超高速从星系中
that are shooting out of the galaxy
喷射出来
at high speed, as well.
但这不是你想要的旅行
But it's not a trip you'd want to take.
因为这个世界注定要在
Because this world is destined to wander