大猫（2018）

娜塔莉亚·博雷戈博士
明尼苏达州大学和夸祖鲁一纳塔尔大学
除了狮子
except for lions
他们以狮群为单位群居 社交性很强
they live in prides and are very social.
想想其他社交性强的物种
And we think of other social species
大象 海豚 斑鬣狗 黑猩猩
elephants, dolphins, spotted hyenas, chimpanzees -
都是智力很高的物种
they're all very intelligent,
所以理论上 狮子应该是最聪明的猫
so, in theory, lions should be the smartest of the cats.
社会性动物
The idea that social animals
更加智慧已经是公认的事实
are more intelligent is well established
但从来没在狮子这个物种上验证过
but has never been proved for lions.
众所周知 猫科动物独来独往
Cats are notoriously uncooperative.
你该怎么测试一头狮子的智商呢
What possible IQ test could you set a lion?
娜塔莉亚为了有机会
Natalia's travelled to South Africa
测试一个不同寻常的狮群来到了南非
for the chance to test a slightly unusual pride.
凯文·理查德森有一套与狮共事的
Kevin Richardson has an unconventional approach
非常规手段
to working with lions.
十年来 他与这些被解救的动物们一起生活
For ten years, he's lived alongside these rescued animals...
成为了狮群的一部分
..becoming part of the pride.
凯文可以扮演与狮子沟通的中间人
Kevin can act as a go-between to the lions...
这给了娜塔莉亚一个绝佳的实验机会
..giving Natalia a unique chance to run her experiments.
这里看起来不错
So here looks good.
娜塔莉亚为大猫们设计了一个难题
Natalia has designed a puzzle for the cats to solve.
-注意手指 -好
- Mind your fingers. - Yeah.
狮子必须学会怎么开门
The lion must work out how to open a door,
然后把头伸进去来得到奖赏
then reach its head inside to get a reward.
很好
Good.
这种难题在大自然里可没有
There's nothing like this in nature...
所以对于金妮这头狮子来说 这就是个魔方
..So to Ginny, the lion, it's a Rubik's cube.
-然后 -没错
- And... - Yeah.
-狮子来了 你就放下来 -放下来
- If the lions come, you just pop it down. - I just pop it back down.
金妮
Ginny.
这里 看着
Here. Looka.
首先 她必须学会怎样用爪子开门
First, she must figure out how to pull the door with her paw.
真聪明
Clever!
你真聪明
Aw, you're so clever.
你真聪明 小傻瓜 但它又关上了
You are so clever, my silly. Oh, but it slams, eh?
它怎么了 我觉得她对箱子更感兴趣
What did it do? I think she's more interested
而不是里面的食物
in the box now than the food.
这里 这里
Here. Here.
接下来 她要学会退后
Next, she needs to learn to stand back...
-这就对了 -好让门完全打开
- There you go. - ..and allow the door to swing open...
把头拿开
Get your head out the way.
把头拿开
Get your head out the way.
-就这样 -最终
- There we go. - ..Before, finally,
-她可以把头伸进去了 -做得好
- she can reach her head inside. - Well done.
-这还不错 -这样很好
- That's not bad. I mean, that's... - No, that's good.
-真聪明 -再来一次
- Clever. - One more time?
-好 -再来两次
- Yeah. - Two more times?
-我认为还要再多几次 -再多几次
- I think a couple more times. - Couple more times.
看 她拿到了
There, see, she got it. Ah.
金妮用了二十分钟来搞清楚
It's taken Ginny 20 minutes to figure out...
干得漂亮 金妮
Good job, Ginny. ..
但她现在已经把难题完全破解了
But now she's cracked it.
-就这样 -现在她把头移开了
- There we go. - Yeah, she's getting her head out of the way now.
就是这样 再来一次 很好
There we go. One more time. 0K, 0K, cool.
-就是这样 -现在她明白了 就简单了
- There you go. - Easy now she's got it.
-很好 -值得鼓掌
- Well done. - That deserves a round of applause.
接下来是测试比较残酷的部分
Next comes the crucial part of the test.
凯文把狮子们带到笼子里
Kevin has brought the lions into an enclosure
让她的伙伴莉比观看金妮的努力
to allow pride mate Libby to watch Ginny's efforts.
通过观察来学习的能力
The ability to learn by watching others
被认为是智慧的真正表现
is considered a real sign of intelligence.
这将让狮子加入自然界中
It would put lions in the company of
智者的行列
the brainboxes of the natural world.
很好 是的 你打到门了
Good. Yeah, you slam that door.
就这样 让它开着 好姑娘
That's it, stay open. Good girl.
-不 她走开了 -她能看到她在做什么
- No, there she goes. - She can see what she's doing.
-好的 -我认为她差不多了
- Yeah. - Yeah, I think she's got it
是时候让莉比出来了
and it's time to let Libby out.
如果狮子能学习彼此
If lions can learn from each other,
莉比应该马上就能解决这个问题
Libby should solve the puzzle in seconds.
-如果不能 -我们看看她怎么做
- If not... - Let's see what she does.
她就得再花二十分钟
..it's going to take her another 20 minutes.
她走对方向了
Now she goes to the right side.
就这样 我觉得
There, I think... I don't think
-这已经够清楚了 -对 这表现很棒
- you can get any clearer than that. - No, that was very good.
-太棒了 -这里 小姑娘
- That was amazing. - Yeah, here we go, my girl.
这里 这里
Here, here, here, here.
干得漂亮 莉比
Good job, Libby.
这是有史以来第一次有人展示了
It's the very first time anyone has shown
狮子具有互相学习的能力
that lions can learn from each other.
她知道要从那里下手
She knows that that's the one there.
娜塔莉亚测试过豹和虎
Natalia has tested leopards and tigers.
狮子的表现更胜一筹
Lions outperform them both.
看来娜塔莉亚是对的
It looks like Natalia's right...
现在她毫不费力
Now she doesn't even bother.
狮是最聪明的大型猫科动物
..Lions are the smartest big cat.
实验进行得非常顺利
So the experiments went really well,
远远超过了预期
much better than expected,
确实说明了
and it really did show
狮能够通过社交互相学习
that lions can learn socially from each other.
相互学习的智慧与能力
Their intelligence and ability to learn from each other
使狮的捕猎技巧在猫科动物中独树一帜
allows lions to hunt like no other cat.
猫科动物的研究不易
No cat is easy to study.
至少狮子的行踪相对容易发现
At least lions are relatively easy to find.
但多数猫科动物都神出鬼没
But most cats are so elusive...
行踪隐秘
..secretive...
伪装高明
..and well camouflaged...
连见到他们都很难 更别提研究了
..that they're rarely seen, let alone studied.
想要更加了解这些猫
Learning more about these cats
就需要过人的献身精神
takes people whose dedication knows no bounds.
需要安德鲁·赫恩博士这样的人
Someone like Dr Andrew Hearn.
婆罗洲丛林深处
Deep in the forests of Borneo,
一次偶然邂逅赋予了他一生的使命
a chance encounter set him off on his life's mission.
我当时是探险队的一员
l was part of an expedition team
探索印度尼西亚婆罗洲的一片未标明区域
to an uncharted area of Indonesian Borneo.
有天早上 我沿着一条小路走
One morning, I went along a trail
然后坐下休息
just to go and sit down and relax
想看看能遇到哪些野生动物
and see what wildlife I could see.
当我安静地坐在那儿的时候
And l was sat there quietly
安德鲁·赫恩博士
牛津大学
一只小红猫从树林里钻出来
and a small little red cat walked out of the side of the forest,
穿过小路
walked across the trail,
在我面前20米左右的地方停顿了一下
paused about 20 metres in front of me.
我拿过笔记本开始为它速写
I grabbed my notebook, started to sketch it,
但当时我不知道它是什么动物
but I had no idea what it was.
后来我返回营地的时候
It was only when I returned back to the camp later that day,
问印度尼西亚的工作人员
spoke to some of the Indonesian staff
"你们认识这种 认识这种猫吗"
and said, "Do you know this... Do you know this cat?"
那时我才知道
So it was only then that I learned
这是婆罗洲金猫
that this was this, um, the Borneo bay cat,
我很快意识到
and it quickly became apparent
我们对这种动物一无所知
that nothing was known about this animal.
婆罗洲金猫是人类了解最少的猫科动物之一
The bay cat is one of the world's least known cats...
自那时起 安德鲁开始投身于
...and Andrew has devoted every year since
对这个物种的研究
to finding out anything about them.
但再见到一只的概率
But the chance of him seeing another one
相当于中两次彩票了
would be like winning the lottery, twice!
那么该怎样研究无法见到的动物呢
So how do you study something you can't see?
镜头捕捉器
Camera traps.