城市化

今天的城市和三四千年前
Cities today have been doing the same thing
甚至五千年前的城市宛然一致
that they've done for three, four, five thousand years.
城市是一个人群 钱财
they've been the place where the flows of people, the flows of money,
和物质流动交汇之地
the flows of goods have coalesced.
城市一直是那些巨大力量的
Cities are always the physical manifestation
具象化的显现
of the big forces at play.
经济力量
Economic forces,
社会力量
social forces,
环境力量
environmental forces.
吸引我们到城市来的是机遇
The thing that attracts us to the city is the chance encounter,
是你知道你能从这里开始
it's the knowledge that you'll be able to start here,
在那里结束 最终回到那里
end up there, go back there,
但你会发现在这个过程中
but that something unexpected will happen along the way,
又会发生意想不到的事情
that you'll make a discovery.
某种程度上说 这就是城市的魔力
That, in a way, is the magic of cities.
《城市化》
《城市化》
城市设计是一个城市的语言
Urban design is really the language of the city.
当你在大街上漫步时
When you walk down a street,
阿曼达·柏登
纽约城市规划部总监
你看到的所有东西都是经过设计的
everything you see has been designed.
人行道的宽度 种植树木的地点
The width of the sidewalk, where trees are planted,
绿化的规模 街头设施的人机交互
the scale of the trees, how the street furniture interacts.
每个街区设置多少间店铺
How many stores you have per block,
大楼有多高 楼与道路的距离
the height of the buildings, where they set back.
每一件事情都需要仔细斟酌
Each one of these things has been thought about.
搞城市设计
The thing about urban design
不是独自窝在自己的工作室里
is that unlike it being a solitary enterprise
诺亚·詹宁
巴德学院 建筑史学家
就能搞得好的
of an artist sitting in her or his studio,
而是一群不同学科的专家
what you really have is a multi-disciplinary group of people
在同一个项目上合作
coming together working on the same project
从各自不同的角度
but coming from very different perspectives,
设置不同的计划 承担不同的角色
having different agendas, and different roles.
其中有建筑师
So you've got the architect.
一个或数个开♥发♥商
You've got the developer or the group of developers.
与州 联邦 或市政♥府♥合作
You have state and federal and city agencies.
听取大众的意见 这是最重要的部分
You have the public, which is a major component.
还有当地的地标性建筑和文物保护团体
You have landmarks or other historically minded groups.
为了完成项目
And they all come together to work against
这些人聚到一起精诚合作
and with each other in order to bring the project to fruition.
他们的分歧从小型的临时性路障
These can range from small, temporary interventions
到大型的基础设施建设工程
to massive large-scale infrastructural projects.
每一个层面都有改变的力量
Forces of change are happening on every level.
新的技术手段 新的交通运输方法
Technological change, new forms and modes of transportation.
人为或自然灾害的可能性
The eventualities of man-made and natural disasters.
这些都要在城市设计中
These are all things that are going to be addressed
一一处理和应对
by urban design.
现今的世界正在发生翻天覆地的变化
The world today is changing pretty dramatically,
使得更多的人搬到城市里居住
shifting toward more and more people living in cities.
前希腊和前罗马时期的城市化速度
Cities accelerated relatively slowly
相对来说较慢
from pre-Greek, pre-Roman times.
那时的城市人口
lt took centuries
要几个世纪才能增长到100万
to reach those numbers which might be something like a million.
到20世纪末
By the 20th Century,
全球只有10%的人口居住在城市中
10% of the population of the world was living in cities.
但两年前 这个数字已经飙升至50%
Only two years ago it was 50%.
如果继续以这个速度发展
And if we continue at the pace we are, which we will,
40年内就会达到75%
it will be something like 75% in 40 years' time.
这样的速度给资源有限的城市系统
The pace now is putting an enormous amount of pressure and strain
带来非常大的压力
on any system which has limited resources.
大约33%的新城市人口居住在贫民窟
33%, roughly, of new urban dwellers today live in slums.
里奇·伯戴特
伦敦政♥治♥经济学院 "城市寿命"项目总监
这可是三分之一的世界人口
That's a third of the world's population
他们缺少基本的生活福利
without the most basic amenities,
没有下水道 没有自来水
without sewers, without water,
也没有卫生设备
without sanitation.
如今住在孟买♥♥贫民窟里的人口
Today Mumbai has the same number of people
和整个伦敦一样多
as the whole of London living in slum conditions.
孟买♥♥会在2050年超过东京
And Mumbai is set to become the biggest city in the world in 2050
成为全球最大的城市
therefore bigger than Tokyo.
也就是说 如果现在的人口比例不变
that means the slum population,
孟买♥♥的贫民窟人口
if it were to be the same or roughly like it,
将会与纽约和伦敦的总人口一样多
would be New York and London put together.
这座城市目前的状况就是
What you have in this city is a situation
一方面房♥地♥产♥商们在开♥发♥楼♥盘♥
where the realestate developers on the one hand
希拉·帕特尔
贫民窟居民关怀协会 创立总监
另一方面贫民窟的居民们
and the slum dwellers on the other are actually carving out
在设计好的城市里继续拓荒
the design of the city.
穷♥人♥们之所以这么做
The poor people are doing it
是因为城市规划没有留给他们生活空间
because the plan has no space for them.
建筑商建造了众多高端房♥产
The construction industry produced a huge housing boom
提供占总人口10%的顶层人士
for the top 10%
也为其余的人带来了越来越大的危机
and then increasing crisis for everybody else.
这些非正规的居住区
The big downside of informal settlements
最急需解决的
which needs to be urgently resolved
是健康卫生问题
is the question of health and hygiene.
怎样提供卫生设备和自来水 等等
How do you bring sanitation and how do you bring water supply,etc.
拉胡尔·麦罗特拉
建筑师 哈佛设计研究生院 教授
这才是造成他们非人生活环境的原因
That is I think what makes them inhuman, unlivable,
这也体现出这个社会
and I think a complete reflection
在创造人类生活环境时的失败之处
of the failure of this society to create human habitat.
市政♥府♥说如果每50人有一个厕所
The city says that if there is one toilet for 50 people,
也就是说如果每10个家庭有一个马桶
that is 10 families have one toilet seat,
这就表示他们拥有充足的卫生设施
it means they have is adequate sanitation.
但在1989年人口和马桶数量的比例是
But in 1989 the ratio of people to a toilet seat
900个人只有1个马桶
was 900 people to a toilet seat.
现在这个比例降到了600
Today it's come down to 600.
本地的政客们说
Our local politicians say,
我们不想再在贫民窟里建厕所了
"Oh we don't want to build to lets in slums,"
这反而会吸引人们来
"because it will encourage people to come."
好像人们会专门去拉屎一样
As if people come to shit.
现状是这里的非正规居住区
You have a situation in which an informal settlement
已被忽视很长时间
gets ignored for a very long time.
而且由于没有更多扩张的空间
And because there is no space for growth
居住区变得越来越拥挤
it gets denser and denser and denser.
问题是以目前的增长态势
The issue is that you've got all this growth
未来的20到30年间
happening over the next 20, 30 years,
城市人口会翻倍
basically a doubling of the urban population.
与此同时
At the same time,
已有的城市人口却仍未得到妥善安置
you haven't dealt with the people who are already there.
因此未来的前景
You know,it's very easy to get incredibly pessimistic
相当悲观和黯淡
and dark about the prospects looking forward,
埃德加·皮尔特斯
"城市"项目非洲中心总监
因为只看那些数字和折线图的话
because if you just look at the numbers and the trendlines,
你会感到特别的沮丧
you know it is profoundly depressing, l mean,
只感到深深的自责
you just want to slit your wrists basically,
这样的研究和工作对身心都不健康
but so this is not a healthy area of research and engagement.
但同时历史告诉我们
But that said, at the same time, what we know from history
此时此地正需要一群革新者
is that you really need a small group of innovators,
需要一小群人
a small group of people
能告诉大家如何走出一条不寻常的路
that can demonstrate how to do things differently,
一旦他们的认识成为主流
and once that gets mainstreamed,
革新就会势如破竹
it's change happens really quickly.
智利圣地亚哥
建于：1541年 人口：720万
如果我们不关心
lf we do not take care of
新移♥民♥如何融入城市
how the process of migration towards cities is going to happen,
那么他们的城市化
the process of urbanization
就会变成贫民窟化
is going to happen in the form of slums.
所以我们急需创造良好的环境
So we're in an urgency to generate the conditions
亚厉山卓·阿♥拉♥维纳
"元素"建筑事务所 建筑师