BBC.地平线.2013.移植指南

Despite the risks,
活体肺移植手术
the living lung operation
依旧是绝望家庭的一个选择
is still being offered to desperate families.
手术成功率也在逐渐上升
And success rates are improving.
一直以来 人体实验
Human experimentation has always been
都是移植手术的基础
the cornerstone of transplant surgery.
但每一次突破都会带来新的挑战
But every breakthrough brought new challenges,
尤其当医生将移植手术
especially when surgeons moved beyond life-saving
用于整形而非救命
to more cosmetic grafting of body parts.
1998年 当克林特·哈勒姆被选中
When Clint Hallam was chosen
接受世界第一例异体手移植手术时
to receive the world's first hand transplant in 1998
他的右手已被圆锯夺去
after losing his own to a circular saw,
他当时并未意识到作为先锋所要付出的代价
little did he know the price he would pay for being a surgical pioneer.
刚看到这个手时我觉得就是个奇迹
My first thoughts when I saw my hand was that it was a miracle.
尽管接合处参差不齐
The total join actually goes around in quite a jagged join.
2000年《超级人类 》
直到最近的六七个月里
It has probably only been in the past six or seven months
我才开始感觉不舒服
that I've actually started to feel uncomfortable sometime,
皮肤的不同也很明显
with the actual differences in the skins.
生理功能上我面临的困难是
The difficulty that I find psychologically
我想用右手做一些事
is that I want to be able to use my hand to do things.
但却不能很好地控制它
But it is not always possible to control them.
用右手刷牙是一项安全的练习方法
Now brushing my teeth is a safe exercise for using my hand.
但要剃须时
But when it comes to shaving,
我必须用左手拿剃须刀
I make sure I have got the razor in my good hand.
确保刀锋完全受我控制
And fully under control.
不行 不行
No, no, no.
这只手不仅让克林特生活不便
And it was not just Clint who struggled with the hand.
有次在飞机上
I've had people in aeroplanes,
一个女士要求换位
I had one lady asked to be moved to another seat
她不想坐在我旁边
because she didn't like the fact of sitting next to me
因为这是一只死人的手
with this hand that belonged to a dead person.
克林特也开始注意到大剂量抗排异药物
Clint also began to resent the toll on his health
对他的身体健康产生了影响
from the heavy regime of antirejection drugs.
我注意到两个最大的生理副作用
The two most physical side-effects that I notice is first,
首先我得了糖尿病
I have diabetes.
另一个生理特征更明显
The second side effect is more physical,
我的胸部变成了乳♥房♥♥
in that my body has gone from chest to breast.
这让人有点难以接受
That is a little bit difficult to deal with.
尽管是闻名世界的移植先锋
Despite his world fame as a transplant pioneer,
克林特依旧做出了一个艰难的决定
Clint took a difficult decision,
他决定降低抗排异药物的服用剂量
he decided to cut back on his antirejection meds.
后果只有一个
There could only be one outcome.
指尖发红 指甲脱落
The redness in the fingertips, the fingernails falling off,
都是严重的排异反应表现
are all indicators of a serious rejection problem.
2001年 克林特的免疫系统
By 2001, Clint's immune system
几乎完全毁了他的新手
had almost completely destroyed his new hand.
晚上好 两年前克林特·哈勒姆
Good evening. Clint Hallam was at the centre
是重大医学突破的幸运儿
of a medical breakthrough two years ago,
但现在他想要退出
but now he wants out.
一个垂死之人的手连接在他的断臂上
Having had the hand of a dying man attached where his used to be,
现在他乞求将移植手切除
he is now begging for it to be removed.
我确信一定有这么一个阶段
I certainly believe that there must come a stage,
我的身体和思想会说 适可而止
yes, my body and mind has said, enough is enough.
录制采访的第二天早晨
The morning after this interview was recorded,
克林特接受了截肢手术
Clint's hand was surgically removed.
这噩梦般的场景
It was the stuff of nightmares.
医生切除手臂
明确地说明了一个很难接受的事实
A graphic illustration of the difficult truth
那就是当外科医生开辟新试验时
that when surgeons blaze a trail,
他们并非总能预测到结果
they can't always predict the outcome.
场景重现
外科手术的发展
Surgery had advanced to the point
使身体的几乎所有部分都可被利用
where virtually every part of the body was up for grabs.
这让我们面对另一个让人不安的现实
We faced another uncomfortable reality,
对人体器官的巨大需求
that mounting demand for body parts
导致整个医疗系统为滥用敞开大门
left the whole system open to abuse.
在美国
In the United States,
每年实施的组织移植手术多达150万例
1.5 million tissue transplant operations are performed every year.
2008年地平线 尸体的价值
从而造成大量的组织供给缺口
It has created an enormous demand for tissue that needs to be met.
尸体真正的经济价值
It is in tissue for transplant
就在于可用来移植的人体组织
that the body's real financial value lies.
若每个有用的组织都能被回收处理
If every useful bit could be recovered, processed,
并以最高价格出♥售♥
and sold for its maximum value,
一具尸体的收益可高达25万美元
the proceeds from a single body could be $250,000.
男子因非法贩卖♥♥尸体被控
高额的利益诱惑
With so much money on offer,
加利福尼亚大学尔湾分校实验室私设解剖课程
导致尸体滥用的现象广泛存在
perhaps it is little wonder that the abuse of bodies is so widespread.
加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校两名员工涉嫌偷盗贩卖♥♥人体组织
其中一位被经济利益冲昏头脑的人
One of the people attracted to the money
就是牙医迈克尔·马斯特罗马里诺
was former society dentist Michael Mastromarino.
迈克尔·马斯特罗马里诺是一位口腔外科医生
Michael Mastromarino was an oral surgeon
在新泽西一家诊所 曾有很好的工作
who appeared to have a very successful practice in New Jersey.
安妮·切尼 《尸体经纪人》作者
但后来他染上了毒瘾
He got into drugs,
行医执照也被吊销
his license to practice as a surgeon
为了跟上他以往奢靡的生活方式
was suspended, he had a very nice lifestyle that he needed to keep up.
他开始倒卖♥♥人体组织
And so he went into the body parts business.
2002年
In 2002,
迈克尔·马斯特罗马里诺成立了一家公♥司♥
Michael Mastromarino had set up a company,
生物医学组织服务公♥司♥
Biomedical Tissue Services,
收♥购♥并贩卖♥♥移植用的人体组织
to procure and sell human tissue for use in transplants.
他需要的是便宜又可靠的尸体来源
All he then needed was a cheap and reliable supply of bodies,
像所有出色的盗墓者一样
for which, like all good grave-robbers,
他把手指伸向了殡葬行业
he turned to the funeral business,
而殡葬业也很乐于与他合作
and they were only too happy to help.
不久
Before long,
仅纽约和费城这两个城市里
he had a network of over 30 funeral parlours
他就拥有一个超过30家殡仪馆的供应链
between New York and philadelphia,
并在殡仪馆的掩护下进行秘密的解剖工作
prepared to let him chop up the bodies in their care.
有用的部分像骨骼 肌腱 皮肤
The useful bits, the bones, the tendons, the skin,
均被秘密攫取并包装
were removed and packaged up.
解剖后的尸体用聚氯乙烯水管重塑
Bodies destined to be buried were reconstructed
以备下葬
with PVC plumbing pipe.
挖掘出的尸体经X光检验
When they were exhumed,
充分展示了盗尸贼的无♥耻♥恶行
X-rays provided ample evidence of the body-snatcher's handiwork.
四年内 迈克尔·马斯特罗马里诺
Over four years, Michael Mastromarino
从1000多具尸体上盗取组织
made nearly $5 million
获得将近500万美元的非法收入
from stealing the parts of over 1,000 bodies.
受害者之一便是著名新闻记者
One of them was one of the great journalists:
英国广播公♥司♥美国事务评论员 经典节目《美国来鸿》创办人
阿利斯泰尔·库克
Alistair Cooke.
2004年3月
In March 2004,
录制完最后一♥期♥《美国来鸿》后的几个星期
just weeks after recording his last letter from America,
阿利斯泰尔·库克去世了
Alistair Cooke died.
享年95岁 生前饱受肺癌的折磨
He was 95 years old, and had been suffering from lung cancer.
苏珊·库克·基特里奇是他的女儿
Susan Cooke Kittredge is his daughter.
他一定会对这个故事很感兴趣
He would have certainly been intrigued by this story.
他会很欣赏这种狄更斯式的障眼法
He would have appreciated the sort of Dickensian smoke,
盗墓者 以及事情的真♥相♥
grave-robber, essence of what was going on.
但如果他知道这种事情发生在他身上
But had he ever imagined that it would happen to him,
他一定会吓坏的
he would have been horrified.
这些人体组织被卖♥♥给加工公♥司♥
The tissue was sold to processing companies
制♥作♥成无菌医疗产品
who turned it into sterile medical products.
但迈克尔·马斯特罗马里诺最大的罪恶
But Michael Mastromarino's biggest deception
在于伪造了死者的健康信息
was that he was forging the details of the deceased's health.
我父亲95岁了
He was 95 years old,
他身体很差并患有骨转移癌
he was very, very frail, and he had bone cancer.
就我的理解
Now, it's my understanding
癌症并不能通过骨头传染
that I can't contract cancer from those bones,
但即使这样 危害还是很大
but those are not going to do me a lot of good.
当盗尸贩卖♥♥组织网络被摧毁之时
But by the time the bodysnatching ring was smashed,
已有超过25000件由尸骨制♥作♥的成品
more than 25,000 products, made from the stolen bones,