BBC.地平线.2013.移植指南

重要提醒本片介绍移植手术包含大量手术现场烧烫伤等镜头可能引起不适
现代医学最伟大的成就之一
Being able to cheat death when our organs fail
就是在脏器功能衰竭时
by having a transplant,
通过器♥官♥移♥植♥来躲避死亡
is one of the great achievements of modern medicine.
成功了 患者的血液流入
Success, the kidney colours and swells
移植肾颜色变红 开始充血膨胀
as the patient's blood surges through it.
感觉上帝又给了我
I feel like I've been blessed with
继续活下去的机会
the opportunity to live a longer life.
移植手术后 我感觉棒极了
I've felt, since my transplant, absolutely wonderful.
这条路布满了流血和牺牲
Yet, it's been a long and bloody fight
外科医生在道德准绳的约束下
for surgeons who faced ethical hurdles
采用死者身上的器官
to revive the living with organs
来延长病患的生命
culled from the dead.
我想知道 把人的身体
I wonder what the fury of heaven
视作一系列的备用零件
would be at the notion
他们必须扮演上帝来创造奇迹吗
会引起天庭怎样的震怒
our bodies are collections of spare parts.
而对患者而言
And also for the patients,
他们愿意不惜一切代价
willing to gamble and endure almost anything
以延长自己的生命
in their bid for a longer life.
总要有人搞清楚到底怎么回事
Somebody has to find out how it goes.
横竖总是一死
If the ship's sinking
这总算是最后的稻草
and this is the last life raft, you know?
那两个病人后来怎么样了
And the two patients, what happened to them?
都死了
They died.
在过去的45年里
For the last 45 years
地平线剧组和英国广播公♥司♥记录下了
Horizon and the BBC have charted the progress of surgeons
外科医生们开辟新领域时
whose desire to break new ground
所经历的毁誉参半全过程
drove them to glory and disaster.
对移植
Cardiac surgeons
一无所知的心脏外科医生
who knew absolutely nothing about transplantation,
想要向世人证明 他们也能完成心脏移植手术
wanted to show that they also could transplant the heart
死亡率 100%
with a 100% mortality.
早期移植手术并不顺利
Despite early failures,
但外科医生们在获取供体器官方面
surgeons have largely succeeded in their attempts
取得了巨大成功
to harvest the body.
现在 因为器官短缺
Now, the challenge of organ shortage
迫使科学研究另辟蹊径
is driving science in ever stranger directions.
为了延长生命
How far could and should
我们可以做什么 并为此付出多少呢
we go in our bid to prolong life?
修补生命 地平线移植指南
在我上医学院时
When I was a medical student,
迈克尔·莫斯利
类似肾脏移植的手术已经相当普遍
things like kidney transplants were relatively commonplace.
但在那之后的25年里
But in the 25 years since then
我见识到了一些非常卓越
I have seen some truly remarkable,
有时也会令人不安的医学突破
and occasionally disturbing breakthroughs.
最近的一个例子 是全脸移植手术
Most recently, the transplantation of a whole human face.
我来到波士顿的
I've come to Boston
2011年《医学前沿》
布莱根妇女医院
to the Brigham and Women's Hospital
见到了一位全世界最顶尖的
to meet one of the world's leading
整形外科
脸部整形外科医生
face transplant surgeons,
波马哈·波玛海克医生
Dr.Bohdan Pomahac.
早上好
Good morning.
早上好 你好
Morning. Hey, how are you?
我是迈克尔·莫斯利
Hi, Michael Mosley.
帅小伙 对吧
Good-looking boy, isn't he?
以前是 可惜10年前
He was. Yes, until he stepped on
他踩上了一根通电的电线
that live wire about 10 years ago.
当米奇·亨特20岁时
Mitch Hunter was just 20 years old
开车撞上了一根电线杆
when his car crashed into a pole
遭到了万伏高压的电击
containing a 10,000 volt electrical cable.
他的脸部毁损非常严重
The injuries to his face were horrendous.
这是他送去急救时的照片
That's the actual arrival following injury.
可怜的孩子 这真是
Poor soul. That is...
真是很可怜
there's something about it,
我本来有点心理准备的
I was kind of prepared for it,
但还是被吓了一跳
but that was...that's a shock.
尽管之前已做过16次整形手术
Despite 16 previous operations,
以修补受伤的脸部
to correct the injuries,
米奇依然是面目全非
Mitch's face was still very disfigured.
所以他决定接受异体脸移植术
So he agreed to become one of the first
成为最早将死者脸部装到自己头上人之一
to have a dead man's face transplanted onto his own.
首先 由14名外科医生组成的团队
First, a team of 14 surgeons
小心地移除他毁损的脸
has to carefully remove his old face.
然后通过精细的显微血管外科技术
Painstaking microvascular surgery
将米奇头部的血管与移植脸连接起来
is needed to attach Mitch's arteries to the new face.
血液的供给至关重要
Blood supply is absolutely critical.
如果没有血供
Without blood supply
移植脸就无法存活
the face is not going to be alive.
最后 将新脸
Finally, the face
与米奇头部的皮肤缝合在一起
is stitched to Mitch's own skin.
14个小时后 手术圆♥满♥完成
After 14 hours the operation is complete.
术后四个月
Four months after surgery
我去探望米奇 看他是否适应了
I went to see how Mitch was getting used
自己的新脸
to his new face.
头一个月 我的面部就开始有了知觉
I would say within the first month I started getting sensation
四五个月后情况持续好转
and, um, I think I'm going on the fourth and fifth month
知觉比第一个月强烈了很多
and it's 10 times better than what it was the first month.
我能感觉到周围环境的变化
You know, I can feel a lot more, like,
现在我能感觉到微风在吹拂着我的脸
I can feel the breeze on my face now.
感觉很不错 对吗
Which is nice, isn't it?
真没想到在这么短的时间里
It's just amazing how much sensation
我的知觉恢复了如此之多
that I've gained back in such a short time.
虽然不完美
It's not perfect,
但这种以前被人们视为
but something that was once seen
蹩脚科幻小说情节的手术
as bad science fiction
却让米奇过上了比较满意的正常人生活
is giving Mitch a much-appreciated chance of a normal life.
可在100多年以前
Yet, just over 100 years ago
移植手术这个概念
the very idea of transplantation
完全是异想天开
was unimaginable.
这一切因一名法国总统的去世而改变
All that changed with the death of a French president.
当时是1♥8♥9♥4年6月
It was June, 1♥8♥9♥4,
卡诺总统在去里昂的路上
and President Carnot was on his way to Lyons
被一个持刀的无政♥府♥主义者袭击
when he was attacked by a knife-wielding anarchist...
一根大动脉被切断
..severing a vital artery.
当时的外科医生根本不知道
Surgeons had no idea
如何重新连接被切断的血管
how to reconnect the severed blood vessels.
卡诺被杀
法国总统在里昂被暗♥杀♥
而卡诺总统因流血过多而死
And President Carnot bled to death.
一名年轻的医生 亚力克西·卡雷尔
A young doctor, Alexis Carrel,
眼睁睁地看着总统去世
watched his president die
这让他极为震撼
and was appalled.
之后如着迷般 他致力于血管缝合技术
Now obsessed, he learnt stitching
并花了数年时间
and then spent years
研究如何修复脆弱的血管
grappling with fragile blood vessels
并最终找到一种完美的技术
before finally perfecting a technique
能将血管严密缝合 血流完全畅通
that drew the ends together in a perfect seal.
他于1912年获得诺贝尔医学奖
卡雷尔开创了血管外科学
Carrel had invented vascular surgery.
但这对卡雷尔来说远远不够
But that was not enough for Carrel.
他想到 为什么不用这种新的外科技术
Why not, he thought, uses new surgical technique
将一个生命的器官
to take an organ from one body
缝合到另一个生命的身体里呢
and attach it to another?
穿着他那标志性的黑色手术服
Dressed in his trademark black,
他进行了一系列令人毛骨悚然的试验
he embarked on a series of grisly and sinister experiments.
他将一只幼犬的肾脏
He took the kidney out of a puppy
植入一只猫的体内
and put it in a cat.
之后尝试将一只白狗的两条前腿
And then, the front legs off a white dog
接到一只黑狗身上
and put them on a black one.
卡雷尔成功地实施了
Carrel had successfully performed
许多例器♥官♥移♥植♥手术